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{{Endocarditis}}
{{Endocarditis}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-in-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{Maliha}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
What follows is a timeline in the history of endocarditis:
[[Endocarditis]] was first described in 1554.  The [[inflammatory]] process associated with [[endocarditis]] was discovered in 1799.  [[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] were first discovered to be associated with [[endocarditis]] in 1806.


*1554: Earliest report of endocarditis in medical books
==Historical Perspective==
*1669: Accurately described [[tricuspid valve]] [[endocarditis]]
*1646: Described unusual "outgrowths" from autopsy of patient with endocarditis; detected murmurs by placing hand on patient's chest
*1708: Described unusual structures in entrance of aorta
*1715: Described abnormality in [[aortic|aortic valve]] and [[mitral valve]]
*1749: Described valvular lesions
*1769: Linked infectious disease and [[endocarditis]]; observed association with the spleen
*1784: Accurately drew intracardiac abnormalities
*1797: Showed relationship between rheumatism and heart disease
*1799: Described inflammatory process associated with [[endocarditis]]
*1806: Described unusual structures in heart as "vegetations," syphilitic virus as causative agent of [[endocarditis]], and theory of antiviral treatment of [[endocarditis]]
*1809: Indicated vegetations were not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to heart wall
*1815: Elucidated inflammatory processes associated with [[endocarditis]]
*1816: Invented cylindrical stethoscope to listen to heart murmurs; dismissed link between venereal disease and [[endocarditis]]
*1832: Confirmed Laennec's observations
*1835-40: Named [[endocardium]] and [[endocarditis]]; described symptoms; prescribed herbal tea and bloodletting as treatment regimen; described link between acute [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[endocarditis]]
*1852: Described consequences of embolization of vegetations throughout body. Described cutaneous nodules (named "[[Osler's nodes]]" by Libman)
*1858-71: Examined fibrin vegetation associated with [[endocarditis]] by microscope; coined term "embolism;" discussed role of bacteria, vibrios, and micrococci in [[endocarditis]]
*1861: Confirmed Virchow's theory on emboli
*1862: Described granulations or foreign elements in blood and valves, which were motile and resistant to alkalis
*1868-70: Described infected arterial blood as originating from heart; proposed scarlet fever as cause of [[endocarditis]]
*1869: Established "parasites" on skin transported to heart and attached to [[endocardium]]; named "mycosis endocardii"
*1872: Detected microorganisms in vegetations of [[endocarditis]]
*1878: All cases of [[endocarditis]] were infectious in origin
*1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce animal model of [[endocarditis]] in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before bacteria grafted onto valve
*1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for bacterial colonization
*1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of [[endocarditis]] 
*1879: Proposed etiology of [[endocarditis]] was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection"
*1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures
*1881-86: Believed [[endocarditis]] could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from pulmonary lesion to valve through blood
*1883: Believed microorganisms were result, not cause, of endocarditis
*1884: Named disease "[[infective endocarditis]]"
*1886: Demonstrated various bacteria introduced to bloodstream could cause [[endocarditis]] on valve that had previous lesion
*1885: Synthesized work of others relating to [[endocarditis]]
*1899: Described streptococcal, staphylococcal, pneumococcal, and gonococcal endocarditis
*1903: First described "endocarditis lenta"
*1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe cutaneous nodes (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman) in patients with [[endocarditis]]
*1909: Analyzed 150 cases of [[endocarditis]] and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms
*1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "subacute endocarditis," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures
*1981: Described Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions
*1994: New criteria utilizing specific echocardiographic findings
*1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with [[infective endocarditis]] caused by streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and          HACEK (a) microorganisms
*1996: Modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to allow serologic diagnosis of [[Coxiella burnetii]]
*1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial [[endocarditis]]
*1997: Suggested modifications to Duke criteria for clinical diagnosis of native valve and prosthetic valve endocarditis:            analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases
*1998: Guidelines for antibiotic treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal, and staphylococcal endocarditis
*1998: Antibiotic treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and other streptococci; recommendations for surgical treatment of endocarditis
*2000: Updated and modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria]
*2002: [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents
*2001-3: Described etiology of Bartonella spp., [[Tropheryma whipplei]], and [[Coxiella burnetii]] in [[endocarditis]]


=== Discovery ===
Important landmarks in the history of [[endocarditis]] include the following:<ref name="pmid15207065">{{cite journal| author=Millar BC, Moore JE| title=Emerging issues in infective endocarditis. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 6 | pages= 1110-6 | pmid=15207065 | doi=10.3201/eid1006.030848 | pmc=PMC3323180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15207065  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21537712">{{cite journal| author=Grinberg M, Solimene MC| title=Historical aspects of infective endocarditis. | journal=Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 228-33 | pmid=21537712 | doi=10.1590/s0104-42302011000200023 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537712  }}</ref><ref name="Contrepois2012">{{cite journal|last1=Contrepois|first1=Alain|title=Towards a history of infective endocarditis|journal=Medical History|volume=40|issue=1|year=2012|pages=25–54|issn=0025-7273|doi=10.1017/S0025727300060658}}</ref><ref name="pmid32089994">{{cite journal| author=Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, Weisz SH, Ascione L, Caso P | display-authors=etal| title=Infective Endocarditis: Echocardiographic Imaging and New Imaging Modalities. | journal=J Cardiovasc Echogr | year= 2019 | volume= 29 | issue= 4 | pages= 149-155 | pmid=32089994 | doi=10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19 | pmc=7011492 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32089994  }}</ref>
*In 1554: Earliest report of [[endocarditis]] in medical books.
*In 1669: Accurately description of [[tricuspid valve]] [[endocarditis]].
*In 1646: Description of unusual "outgrowths" from [[autopsy]] of a patient with [[endocarditis]]; detected [[murmur]]s by placing a hand on patient's chest.
*In 1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of [[aorta]].
*In 1715: Description of abnormality in [[aortic|aortic valve]] and [[mitral valve]].
*In 1749: Description of [[valvular]] lesions.
*In 1769: Link between infectious disease and [[endocarditis]] established; association with [[spleen]] observed.
*In 1784: Intracardiac abnormalities accurately drawn.
*In 1797: Relationship between [[rheumatism]] and [[heart disease]] established.
*In 1799: Inflammatory process associated with [[endocarditis]] described.
*In 1806: Described unusual structures in the heart as "[[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]]," [[Syphilis|syphilitic]] virus as a causative agent of [[endocarditis]], and theory of antiviral treatment of [[endocarditis]].
*In 1809: [[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] were described as not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to the heart wall.
*In 1816: Invention of cylindrical [[stethoscope]] used to listen to heart [[murmur]]s; the link between [[Venereal diseases|venereal disease]] and [[endocarditis]] dismissed.
*In 1832: Laennec's observations observed.
*In 1835-40: Named [[endocardium]] and [[endocarditis]]; described symptoms; herbal tea and bloodletting described as treatment regimen; the link between acute [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[endocarditis]] established.
*In 1852: Consequences of [[embolization]] of [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] throughout body described. Described cutaneous nodules (named "[[Osler's nodes]]" by Libman).
*In 1858-71: Examined [[fibrin]] [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetation]] associated with [[endocarditis]] by [[microscope]]; coined term "[[embolism]];" discussed role of [[bacteria]], vibrios, and micrococci in [[endocarditis]].
*In 1861: Virchow's theory on [[emboli]] described.
*In 1862: Granulations or foreign elements in blood and [[valve]]s described.
*In 1868-70: Described infected [[Arterial blood gas|arterial blood]] as originating from the heart; proposed [[scarlet fever]] as a cause of [[endocarditis]].
*In 1869: Established "[[parasites]]" on skin transported to the heart and attached to [[endocardium]]; named ''[[Mycosis]] [[endocarditis]].''
*In 1872: Microorganisms in [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] of [[endocarditis]] are described.
*In 1878: All cases of [[endocarditis]] were infectious in origin.
*In 1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce an animal model of [[endocarditis]] in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before [[bacteria]] grafted onto the [[valve]].
*In 1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for [[bacterial]] colonization.
*In 1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of [[endocarditis]].
*In 1879: Proposed etiology of [[endocarditis]] was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection"
*In 1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures.
*In 1881-86: Believed [[endocarditis]] could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from [[pulmonary]] lesion to valve through blood.
*In 1883: Believed [[Microorganism|microorganisms]] were result, not cause, of [[endocarditis]].
*In 1884: Named disease "[[infective endocarditis]]".
*In 1886: Demonstrated various [[bacteria]] introduced to bloodstream could cause [[endocarditis]] on valve that had previous lesion.
*In 1885: Synthesized work of others relating to [[endocarditis]].
*In 1899: Described [[streptococcal]], [[staphylococcal]], [[pneumococcal]], and [[gonococcal]] [[endocarditis]].
*In 1903: First described "[[endocarditis]] lenta".
*In 1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe [[cutaneous]] nodes (named "[[Osler's node|Osler's nodes]]" by Libman) in patients with [[endocarditis]].
*In 1909: Analyzed 150 cases of [[endocarditis]] and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms.
*In 1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "[[subacute endocarditis]]," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures.
*In 1981: Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions described.
*In 1994: New criteria utilizing specific [[Echocardiography|echocardiographic]] findings.
*In 1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with [[infective endocarditis]] caused by [[streptococci]], [[enterococci]], [[staphylococci]], and [[HACEK microorganisms]] described.
*In 1996: Modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to allow serologic diagnosis of ''[[Coxiella burnetii]].''
*In 1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial [[endocarditis]] established.
*In 1997: Modifications to [[Duke criteria]] for clinical diagnosis of native valve and [[prosthetic valve]] endocarditis suggested: Analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases.
*In 1998: Guidelines for [[antibiotic]] treatment of [[streptococcal]], [[enterococcal]], and [[staphylococcal]] [[endocarditis]] established.
*In 1998: [[Antibiotic]] treatment of [[Endocarditis|infective endocarditis]] due to [[viridans streptococci]], [[enterococci]], and other [[streptococci]] established; recommendations for surgical treatment of [[endocarditis]].
*In 2000: Updated and modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria].
*In 2002: [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents.
*In 2001-3: Etiology of [[Bartonella]] spp., ''[[Tropheryma whipplei]]'', and ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'' in [[endocarditis]] described.


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 15:26, 3 March 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Maliha Shakil, M.D. [3]

Overview

Endocarditis was first described in 1554. The inflammatory process associated with endocarditis was discovered in 1799. Vegetations were first discovered to be associated with endocarditis in 1806.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

Important landmarks in the history of endocarditis include the following:[1][2][3][4]

References

  1. Millar BC, Moore JE (2004). "Emerging issues in infective endocarditis". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (6): 1110–6. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030848. PMC 3323180. PMID 15207065.
  2. Grinberg M, Solimene MC (2011). "Historical aspects of infective endocarditis". Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 57 (2): 228–33. doi:10.1590/s0104-42302011000200023. PMID 21537712.
  3. Contrepois, Alain (2012). "Towards a history of infective endocarditis". Medical History. 40 (1): 25–54. doi:10.1017/S0025727300060658. ISSN 0025-7273.
  4. Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, Weisz SH, Ascione L, Caso P; et al. (2019). "Infective Endocarditis: Echocardiographic Imaging and New Imaging Modalities". J Cardiovasc Echogr. 29 (4): 149–155. doi:10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19. PMC 7011492 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32089994 Check |pmid= value (help).

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