Endocarditis historical background: Difference between revisions

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{{Endocarditis}}
{{Endocarditis}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-in-Chief:''' {{CZ}} {{Maliha}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CZ}} {{Maliha}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Endocarditis was first described in 1554.  The inflammatory process associated with endocarditis was discovered in 1799.  Vegetations were first discovered to be associated with endocarditis in 1806.<ref name="pmid15207065">{{cite journal| author=Millar BC, Moore JE| title=Emerging issues in infective endocarditis. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 6 | pages= 1110-6 | pmid=15207065 | doi=10.3201/eid1006.030848 | pmc=PMC3323180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15207065}}</ref>
[[Endocarditis]] was first described in 1554.  The [[inflammatory]] process associated with [[endocarditis]] was discovered in 1799.  [[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] were first discovered to be associated with [[endocarditis]] in 1806.


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Important landmarks in the history of endocarditis include the following:<ref name="pmid15207065">{{cite journal| author=Millar BC, Moore JE| title=Emerging issues in infective endocarditis. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 6 | pages= 1110-6 | pmid=15207065 | doi=10.3201/eid1006.030848 | pmc=PMC3323180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15207065}}</ref>


*1554: Earliest report of endocarditis in medical books
=== Discovery ===
*1669: Accurately description of [[tricuspid valve]] endocarditis
Important landmarks in the history of [[endocarditis]] include the following:<ref name="pmid15207065">{{cite journal| author=Millar BC, Moore JE| title=Emerging issues in infective endocarditis. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2004 | volume= 10 | issue= 6 | pages= 1110-6 | pmid=15207065 | doi=10.3201/eid1006.030848 | pmc=PMC3323180 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15207065  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21537712">{{cite journal| author=Grinberg M, Solimene MC| title=Historical aspects of infective endocarditis. | journal=Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 2 | pages= 228-33 | pmid=21537712 | doi=10.1590/s0104-42302011000200023 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21537712  }}</ref><ref name="Contrepois2012">{{cite journal|last1=Contrepois|first1=Alain|title=Towards a history of infective endocarditis|journal=Medical History|volume=40|issue=1|year=2012|pages=25–54|issn=0025-7273|doi=10.1017/S0025727300060658}}</ref><ref name="pmid32089994">{{cite journal| author=Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, Weisz SH, Ascione L, Caso P | display-authors=etal| title=Infective Endocarditis: Echocardiographic Imaging and New Imaging Modalities. | journal=J Cardiovasc Echogr | year= 2019 | volume= 29 | issue= 4 | pages= 149-155 | pmid=32089994 | doi=10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19 | pmc=7011492 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32089994  }}</ref>
*1646: Descripton of unusual "outgrowths" from [[autopsy]] of patient with endocarditis; detected [[murmur]]s by placing hand on patient's chest
 
*1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of [[aorta]]
*In 1554: Earliest report of [[endocarditis]] in medical books.
*1715: Description of abnormality in [[aortic|aortic valve]] and [[mitral valve]]
*In 1669: Accurately description of [[tricuspid valve]] [[endocarditis]].
*1749: Description of valvular lesions
*In 1646: Description of unusual "outgrowths" from [[autopsy]] of a patient with [[endocarditis]]; detected [[murmur]]s by placing a hand on patient's chest.
*1769: Link between infectious disease and endocarditis established; association with spleen observed
*In 1708: Description of unusual structures in entrance of [[aorta]].
*1784: Accurately drew intracardiac abnormalities
*In 1715: Description of abnormality in [[aortic|aortic valve]] and [[mitral valve]].
*1797: Showed relationship between rheumatism and [[heart disease]]
*In 1749: Description of [[valvular]] lesions.
*1799: Described inflammatory process associated with endocarditis
*In 1769: Link between infectious disease and [[endocarditis]] established; association with [[spleen]] observed.
*1806: Described unusual structures in heart as "vegetations," syphilitic virus as causative agent of endocarditis, and theory of antiviral treatment of endocarditis
*In 1784: Intracardiac abnormalities accurately drawn.
*1809: Indicated vegetations were not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to heart wall
*In 1797: Relationship between [[rheumatism]] and [[heart disease]] established.
*1815: Elucidated inflammatory processes associated with endocarditis
*In 1799: Inflammatory process associated with [[endocarditis]] described.
*1816: Invented cylindrical [[stethoscope]] to listen to heart [[murmur]]s; dismissed link between venereal disease and endocarditis
*In 1806: Described unusual structures in the heart as "[[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]]," [[Syphilis|syphilitic]] virus as a causative agent of [[endocarditis]], and theory of antiviral treatment of [[endocarditis]].
*1832: Confirmed Laennec's observations
*In 1809: [[Vegetation (pathology)|Vegetations]] were described as not "outgrowths" or "buds" but particles adhering to the heart wall.
*1835-40: Named [[endocardium]] and [[endocarditis]]; described symptoms; prescribed herbal tea and bloodletting as treatment regimen; described link between acute [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and endocarditis
*In 1816: Invention of cylindrical [[stethoscope]] used to listen to heart [[murmur]]s; the link between [[Venereal diseases|venereal disease]] and [[endocarditis]] dismissed.
*1852: Described consequences of [[embolization]] of vegetations throughout body. Described cutaneous nodules (named "[[Osler's nodes]]" by Libman)
*In 1832: Laennec's observations observed.
*1858-71: Examined [[fibrin]] vegetation associated with endocarditis by microscope; coined term "embolism;" discussed role of [[bacteria]], vibrios, and micrococci in [[endocarditis]]  
*In 1835-40: Named [[endocardium]] and [[endocarditis]]; described symptoms; herbal tea and bloodletting described as treatment regimen; the link between acute [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[endocarditis]] established.
*1861: Confirmed Virchow's theory on [[emboli]]
*In 1852: Consequences of [[embolization]] of [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] throughout body described. Described cutaneous nodules (named "[[Osler's nodes]]" by Libman).
*1862: Described granulations or foreign elements in blood and [[valve]]s, which were motile and resistant to alkalis
*In 1858-71: Examined [[fibrin]] [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetation]] associated with [[endocarditis]] by [[microscope]]; coined term "[[embolism]];" discussed role of [[bacteria]], vibrios, and micrococci in [[endocarditis]].
*1868-70: Described infected arterial blood as originating from heart; proposed [[scarlet fever]] as cause of endocarditis
*In 1861: Virchow's theory on [[emboli]] described.
*1869: Established "parasites" on skin transported to heart and attached to [[endocardium]]; named ''Mycosis endocardii''
*In 1862: Granulations or foreign elements in blood and [[valve]]s described.
*1872: Detected microorganisms in vegetations of endocarditis
*In 1868-70: Described infected [[Arterial blood gas|arterial blood]] as originating from the heart; proposed [[scarlet fever]] as a cause of [[endocarditis]].
*1878: All cases of endocarditis were infectious in origin
*In 1869: Established "[[parasites]]" on skin transported to the heart and attached to [[endocardium]]; named ''[[Mycosis]] [[endocarditis]].''
*1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce animal model of endocarditis in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before [[bacteria]] grafted onto valve
*In 1872: Microorganisms in [[Vegetation (pathology)|vegetations]] of [[endocarditis]] are described.
*1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for bacterial colonization
*In 1878: All cases of [[endocarditis]] were infectious in origin.
*1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of endocarditis  
*In 1878: Combined experimental physiology and infection to produce an animal model of [[endocarditis]] in rabbit; noted valve had to be damaged before [[bacteria]] grafted onto the [[valve]].
*1879: Proposed etiology of endocarditis was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection"
*In 1878: Micrococci enter vessels that valves were fitted into; valves exposed to abnormal mechanical attacks over long period created favorable niche for [[bacterial]] colonization.
*1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures
*In 1879: Virchow's student; employed early animal model of [[endocarditis]].
*1881-86: Believed endocarditis could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from pulmonary lesion to valve through blood
*In 1879: Proposed etiology of [[endocarditis]] was based on infectious model and treatment should focus on eliminating "parasitic infection"
*1883: Believed microorganisms were result, not cause, of endocarditis
*In 1880: Working with Pasteur, proposed use of routine blood cultures.
*1884: Named disease "[[infective endocarditis]]"
*In 1881-86: Believed [[endocarditis]] could appear during various infections; noted translocation of respiratory pathogen from [[pulmonary]] lesion to valve through blood.
*1886: Demonstrated various bacteria introduced to bloodstream could cause endocarditis on valve that had previous lesion
*In 1883: Believed [[Microorganism|microorganisms]] were result, not cause, of [[endocarditis]].
*1885: Synthesized work of others relating to endocarditis
*In 1884: Named disease "[[infective endocarditis]]".
*1899: Described streptococcal, staphylococcal, pneumococcal, and gonococcal endocarditis
*In 1886: Demonstrated various [[bacteria]] introduced to bloodstream could cause [[endocarditis]] on valve that had previous lesion.
*1903: First described "endocarditis lenta"
*In 1885: Synthesized work of others relating to [[endocarditis]].
*1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe cutaneous nodes (named "Osler's nodes" by Libman) in patients with endocarditis
*In 1899: Described [[streptococcal]], [[staphylococcal]], [[pneumococcal]], and [[gonococcal]] [[endocarditis]].
*1909: Analyzed 150 cases of endocarditis and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms
*In 1903: First described "[[endocarditis]] lenta".
*1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "[[subacute endocarditis]]," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures
*In 1909: Credited by Osler as first to observe [[cutaneous]] nodes (named "[[Osler's node|Osler's nodes]]" by Libman) in patients with [[endocarditis]].
*1981: Described Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions
*In 1909: Analyzed 150 cases of [[endocarditis]] and published diagnostic criteria relating to signs and symptoms.
*1994: New criteria utilizing specific echocardiographic findings
*In 1910: Described initial classification scheme to include "[[subacute endocarditis]]," with clinical signs/symptoms; absolute diagnosis required blood cultures.
*1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with [[infective endocarditis]] caused by streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms
*In 1981: Beth Israel criteria based on strict case definitions described.
*1996: Modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to allow serologic diagnosis of ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]''
*In 1994: New criteria utilizing specific [[Echocardiography|echocardiographic]] findings.
*1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial endocarditis
*In 1995: Antibiotic treatment of adults with [[infective endocarditis]] caused by [[streptococci]], [[enterococci]], [[staphylococci]], and [[HACEK microorganisms]] described.
*1997: Suggested modifications to Duke criteria for clinical diagnosis of native valve and [[prosthetic valve]] endocarditis: analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases
*In 1996: Modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to allow serologic diagnosis of ''[[Coxiella burnetii]].''
*1998: Guidelines for [[antibiotic]] treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal, and staphylococcal endocarditis  
*In 1997: Guidelines for preventing bacterial [[endocarditis]] established.
*1998: Antibiotic treatment of infective endocarditis due to viridans streptococci, enterococci, and other streptococci; recommendations for surgical treatment of endocarditis
*In 1997: Modifications to [[Duke criteria]] for clinical diagnosis of native valve and [[prosthetic valve]] endocarditis suggested: Analysis of 118 pathologically proven cases.
*2000: Updated and modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria]  
*In 1998: Guidelines for [[antibiotic]] treatment of [[streptococcal]], [[enterococcal]], and [[staphylococcal]] [[endocarditis]] established.
*2002: [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents
*In 1998: [[Antibiotic]] treatment of [[Endocarditis|infective endocarditis]] due to [[viridans streptococci]], [[enterococci]], and other [[streptococci]] established; recommendations for surgical treatment of [[endocarditis]].
*2001-3: Described etiology of [[Bartonella]] spp., ''[[Tropheryma whipplei]]'', and ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'' in endocarditis
*In 2000: Updated and modified [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria].
*In 2002: [http://www.medcalc.com/endocarditis.html Duke Criteria] to include a molecular diagnosis of causal agents.
*In 2001-3: Etiology of [[Bartonella]] spp., ''[[Tropheryma whipplei]]'', and ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'' in [[endocarditis]] described.


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 15:26, 3 March 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Maliha Shakil, M.D. [3]

Overview

Endocarditis was first described in 1554. The inflammatory process associated with endocarditis was discovered in 1799. Vegetations were first discovered to be associated with endocarditis in 1806.

Historical Perspective

Discovery

Important landmarks in the history of endocarditis include the following:[1][2][3][4]

References

  1. Millar BC, Moore JE (2004). "Emerging issues in infective endocarditis". Emerg Infect Dis. 10 (6): 1110–6. doi:10.3201/eid1006.030848. PMC 3323180. PMID 15207065.
  2. Grinberg M, Solimene MC (2011). "Historical aspects of infective endocarditis". Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 57 (2): 228–33. doi:10.1590/s0104-42302011000200023. PMID 21537712.
  3. Contrepois, Alain (2012). "Towards a history of infective endocarditis". Medical History. 40 (1): 25–54. doi:10.1017/S0025727300060658. ISSN 0025-7273.
  4. Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, Weisz SH, Ascione L, Caso P; et al. (2019). "Infective Endocarditis: Echocardiographic Imaging and New Imaging Modalities". J Cardiovasc Echogr. 29 (4): 149–155. doi:10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19. PMC 7011492 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32089994 Check |pmid= value (help).

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