Dysphagia causes: Difference between revisions

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===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aberrant subclavian artery]], [[amyloidosis]], [[anomalous left pulmonary artery]],[[aortic aneurysm]], [[aortic arch anomalies]], [[CHARGE syndrome|charge syndrome]], [[double aortic arch]], [[enlarged aorta]], [[enlarged left atrium]], [[hypokalemia]], [[mitral valve stenosis]], [[pericarditis]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]]  
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" |[[Aberrant subclavian artery]], [[amyloidosis]], [[anomalous left pulmonary artery]],[[aortic aneurysm]], [[aortic arch anomalies]], [[CHARGE syndrome|charge syndrome]], [[double aortic arch]], [[enlarged aorta]], [[enlarged left atrium]], [[hypokalemia]], [[mitral valve stenosis]], [[pericarditis]], [[superior vena cava syndrome]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Arizona bark scorpion|Arizona bark scorpion poisoning]], [[arsenic poisoning]], [[botulism]], [[cobra poisoning]], [[fluoride poisoning]], [[lead poisoning]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Arizona bark scorpion|Arizona bark scorpion poisoning]], [[arsenic poisoning]], [[botulism]], [[cobra poisoning]], [[fluoride poisoning]], [[lead poisoning]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Behcet's syndrome]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[polymyositis]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Behcet's syndrome]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[polymyositis]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Antipsychotic drugs|Antipsychotic medications]], [[artemether and lumefantrin]], [[atropine]], [[botulinum toxin]], [[bicalutamide]][[chemotherapy]], [[Cyclosporine|cyclosporine toxicity]], [[cytarabine]], [[dactinomycin]], [[doxycycline]], [[eletriptan]], [[hydroxocobalamin]][[hyoscyamine]], [[ibandronate]], [[ioxilan]], [[ixabepilone]], [[minocycline hydrochloride]], [[nabumetone]], [[neuroleptics]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[pergolide]], [[rimabotulinumtoxinb]], [[riociguat]], [[ropinirole]], [[sargramostim]], [[sertraline]], [[scarlet fever]], [[tiagabine]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Antipsychotic drugs|Antipsychotic medications]], [[artemether and lumefantrin]], [[atropine]], [[botulinum toxin]], [[bicalutamide]][[chemotherapy]], [[Cyclosporine|cyclosporine toxicity]], [[cytarabine]], [[dactinomycin]], [[doxycycline]], [[eletriptan]], [[hydroxocobalamin]][[hyoscyamine]], [[ibandronate]], [[ioxilan]], [[ixabepilone]], [[minocycline hydrochloride]], [[nabumetone]], [[neuroleptics]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[pergolide]], [[rimabotulinumtoxinb]], [[riociguat]], [[ropinirole]], [[sargramostim]], [[sertraline]], [[scarlet fever]], [[tiagabine]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Carcinoma of the vocal tract]], [[cricopharyngeal spasm]], [[Eagle syndrome|eagle syndrome]], [[epiglottitis]], [[Larynx|Impaired sensitivity in the larynx]], [[laryngeal cancer]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Pharynx|oral pharyngeal disorders]], [[Oral submucous fibrosis|oral submucous fibrosis]], [[palatine tonsil]], [[pharyngeal pouch]], [[pharyngitis]], [[Head and neck cancer|pharynx cancer]], [[quinsy]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[Tonsil cancer|tonsillar cancer]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Carcinoma of the vocal tract]], [[cricopharyngeal spasm]], [[Eagle syndrome|eagle syndrome]], [[epiglottitis]], [[Larynx|Impaired sensitivity in the larynx]], [[laryngeal cancer]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Pharynx|oral pharyngeal disorders]], [[Oral submucous fibrosis|oral submucous fibrosis]], [[palatine tonsil]], [[pharyngeal pouch]], [[pharyngitis]], [[Head and neck cancer|pharynx cancer]], [[quinsy]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[Tonsil cancer|tonsillar cancer]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cushing's syndrome]], [[diabetic neuropathy]], [[goiter]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[paraganglioma]], [[Riedel thyroiditis]], [[subacute granulomatous thyroiditis]], [[thymoma]], [[thyroglossal cyst]], [[Thyroid cancer|thyroid cancer, anaplastic]],[[thyrotoxicosis]], [[vagal paraganglioma]], [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]], [[solitary thyroid nodule]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cushing's syndrome]], [[diabetic neuropathy]], [[goiter]], [[hyperthyroidism]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[paraganglioma]], [[Riedel thyroiditis]], [[subacute granulomatous thyroiditis]], [[thymoma]], [[thyroglossal cyst]], [[Thyroid cancer|thyroid cancer, anaplastic]],[[thyrotoxicosis]], [[vagal paraganglioma]], [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]], [[solitary thyroid nodule]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Achalasia]], [[adjustable gastric band]], [[aerophagia]], [[aspiration of foreign body]], [[Barrett's esophagus|Barret's syndrome]],[[Candida esophagitis (patient information)|candida esophagitis]], [[Stomach|cascade stomach]], [[esophagitis|caustic esophagitis]], [[Crohn's disease|Crohn's disease of the esophagus]], [[diffuse esophageal spasm]], [[diverticulum]], [[eosinophilic esophagitis]], [[eosinophilic gastroenteritis]], [[esophageal atresia]], [[esophageal cancer]], [[esophageal cyst]], [[esophageal diverticulum]], [[Leiomyoma|esophageal leiomyoma]], [[Foreign body|esophageal obstruction by a foreign body]], [[esophageal pouch]], [[esophageal spasm]], [[esophageal stricture]], [[esophageal web]], [[esophageal moniliasis]], [[esophageal sarcoidosis]], [[Trauma|esophageal trauma]], [[esophagitis]], [[esophagotracheal fistula]], [[Esophagus|external esophageal compression]], [[gastric cancer]], [[gastric volvulus]], [[gastritis]], [[gastroesophageal reflux]], [[gastrointestinal stromal tumor]], [[gastroparesis]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[globus pharyngis]], [[globus syndrome]], [[hiatal hernia]], [[Nutcracker esophagus|hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter]], [[esophagitis|infectious esophagitis]], [[Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis|intramural pseudodiverticulosis]], [[esophagitis|lymphocytic esophagitis]], [[mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[mucositis]], [[myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[nutcracker esophagus]], [[odynophagia]], [[peptic esophagitis]], [[Surgery|post surgery]], [[Esophageal stricture|peptic stricture]], [[pharyngeal pouch]], [[Esophagitis|pill esophagitis]], [[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]], [[presbyphagia]], [[pseudoachalasia]], [[pyloric stenosis]], [[radiation|radiation esophagitis]], [[Schatzki ring]], [[stomach cancer]], [[Esophagus|upper oesophageal sphincter dysfunction]], [[Wilson disease]], [[zenker's diverticulum]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Achalasia]], [[adjustable gastric band]], [[aerophagia]], [[aspiration of foreign body]], [[Barrett's esophagus|Barret's syndrome]],[[Candida esophagitis (patient information)|candida esophagitis]], [[Stomach|cascade stomach]], [[esophagitis|caustic esophagitis]], [[Crohn's disease|Crohn's disease of the esophagus]], [[diffuse esophageal spasm]], [[diverticulum]], [[eosinophilic esophagitis]], [[eosinophilic gastroenteritis]], [[esophageal atresia]], [[esophageal cancer]], [[esophageal cyst]], [[esophageal diverticulum]], [[Leiomyoma|esophageal leiomyoma]], [[Foreign body|esophageal obstruction by a foreign body]], [[esophageal pouch]], [[esophageal spasm]], [[esophageal stricture]], [[esophageal web]], [[esophageal moniliasis]], [[esophageal sarcoidosis]], [[Trauma|esophageal trauma]], [[esophagitis]], [[esophagotracheal fistula]], [[Esophagus|external esophageal compression]], [[gastric cancer]], [[gastric volvulus]], [[gastritis]], [[gastroesophageal reflux]], [[gastrointestinal stromal tumor]], [[gastroparesis]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[globus pharyngis]], [[globus syndrome]], [[hiatal hernia]], [[Nutcracker esophagus|hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter]], [[esophagitis|infectious esophagitis]], [[Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis|intramural pseudodiverticulosis]], [[esophagitis|lymphocytic esophagitis]], [[mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[mucositis]], [[myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[nutcracker esophagus]], [[odynophagia]], [[peptic esophagitis]], [[Surgery|post surgery]], [[Esophageal stricture|peptic stricture]], [[pharyngeal pouch]], [[Esophagitis|pill esophagitis]], [[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]], [[presbyphagia]], [[pseudoachalasia]], [[pyloric stenosis]], [[radiation|radiation esophagitis]], [[Schatzki ring]], [[stomach cancer]], [[Esophagus|upper oesophageal sphincter dysfunction]], [[Wilson disease]], [[zenker's diverticulum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aberrant subclavian artery]], [[achalasia-addisonian syndrome]], [[achromatopsia]], [[adrenoleukodystrophy]], [[POLG|ataxia neuropathy spectrum]],[[Behcet's syndrome]], [[Chromosome 1, 1p36 deletion syndrome|chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome]], [[Chromosome 22 (human)|chromosome 22 ring]], [[Trisomy 22|chromosome 22 trisomy mosaic]], [[Connective tissue disease|connective tissue disease]], [[CRLF1|crisponi syndrome]], [[Emanuel syndrome ]], [[Spinal curvature|extreme spinal curvature]], [[Gaucher disease]],[[Huntington disease]],  [[Lissencephaly|lissencephaly, type 1, x-linked ]], [[muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type]] ,[[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Congenital myopathy|nemaline myopathy1]], [[oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]], [[Autosomal dominant opitz G/BBB syndrome|Opitz-frias syndrome]], [[ACOX1|pseudoadrenoleukodystrophy]], [[spinal muscular atrophy type I]], [[spinocerebellar ataxia 17 ]], [[Spinocerebellar ataxia|spinocerebellar ataxia 22]], [[Spinocerebellar ataxia|spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 1]], [[Schwartz–Jampel syndrome|Stuve-wiedemann dysplasia]],  [[Vascular ring|vascular ring with right aortic arch]], [[Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome]], [[Wilson disease]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aberrant subclavian artery]], [[achalasia-addisonian syndrome]], [[achromatopsia]], [[adrenoleukodystrophy]], [[POLG|ataxia neuropathy spectrum]],[[Behcet's syndrome]], [[Chromosome 1, 1p36 deletion syndrome|chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome]], [[Chromosome 22 (human)|chromosome 22 ring]], [[Trisomy 22|chromosome 22 trisomy mosaic]], [[Connective tissue disease|connective tissue disease]], [[CRLF1|crisponi syndrome]], [[Emanuel syndrome ]] , [[Spinal curvature|extreme spinal curvature]], [[Gaucher disease]],[[Huntington disease]],  [[Lissencephaly|lissencephaly, type 1, x-linked]] , [[muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type]] ,[[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Congenital myopathy|nemaline myopathy1]], [[oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]], [[Autosomal dominant opitz G/BBB syndrome|Opitz-frias syndrome]], [[ACOX1|pseudoadrenoleukodystrophy]], [[spinal muscular atrophy type I]], [[spinocerebellar ataxia 17 ]] , [[Spinocerebellar ataxia|spinocerebellar ataxia 22]], [[Spinocerebellar ataxia|spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 1]], [[Schwartz–Jampel syndrome|Stuve-wiedemann dysplasia]],  [[Vascular ring|vascular ring with right aortic arch]], [[Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome]], [[Wilson disease]]  
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|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Agranulocytosis]], [[mononucleosis]], [[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Agranulocytosis]], [[mononucleosis]], [[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]]  
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|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Abscess]], [[angina tonsillaris]], [[botulism]], [[Candida esophagitis (patient information)|candida esophagitis]], [[Chagas disease]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[diphtheria]], [[epiglottitis]], [[gastritis]], [[herpangina]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[esophagitis|infectious esophagitis]],[[laryngeal papillomatosis]], [[lassa fever]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[lyme disease]], [[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis|lymph granulomatosis]], [[Lymphadenopathy]],[[esophagitis|Medication-induced esophagitis]], [[mumps]], [[neonatal tetanus ]], [[oral candidiasis]], [[paracoccidioidomycosis]], [[Pharyngitis]], [[polio]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[Post-polio syndrome overview|postpolio syndrome]], [[quinsy]], [[rabies]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[snakebites]], [[stomatitis]], [[syphilis]], [[tetanus]], [[tetrodotoxin]], [[tonsillar abscess]], [[ulcer]], [[Vincent's angina]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Abscess]], [[angina tonsillaris]], [[botulism]], [[Candida esophagitis (patient information)|candida esophagitis]], [[Chagas disease]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[diphtheria]], [[epiglottitis]], [[gastritis]], [[herpangina]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[esophagitis|infectious esophagitis]],[[laryngeal papillomatosis]], [[lassa fever]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[lyme disease]], [[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis|lymph granulomatosis]], [[Lymphadenopathy]],[[esophagitis|Medication-induced esophagitis]], [[mumps]], [[neonatal tetanus ]] , [[oral candidiasis]], [[paracoccidioidomycosis]], [[Pharyngitis]], [[polio]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[Post-polio syndrome overview|postpolio syndrome]], [[quinsy]], [[rabies]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[snakebites]], [[stomatitis]], [[syphilis]], [[tetanus]], [[tetrodotoxin]], [[tonsillar abscess]], [[ulcer]], [[Vincent's angina]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|cytoplasmic body myopathy, [[Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis]], [[distal myopathy 2]], [[elongated styloid process]], [[Spinal curvature|extreme spinal curvature]], [[inclusion body myositis]], [[muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type]], [[osteophytes]], [[Pierre Robin's sequence ]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |cytoplasmic body myopathy, [[Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis]], [[distal myopathy 2]], [[elongated styloid process]], [[Spinal curvature|extreme spinal curvature]], [[inclusion body myositis]], [[muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type]], [[osteophytes]], [[Pierre Robin's sequence ]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[10th cranial nerve disorder]], [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[Arnold–Chiari malformation]], [[POLG|ataxia neuropathy spectrum]], [[Dysautonomia|autonomic nerve disorders]], [[autonomic neuropathy]], [[Hereditary spastic paraplegia|autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, type 11]], [[Avellis syndrome]], [[Babinski–Nageotte syndrome]], [[basal ganglia disease]], [[basilar artery insufficiency syndrome]], [[brain stem gliomas]], [[brainstem stroke]], [[Brain stem tumor|brainstem tumors]], [[pseudobulbar palsy]], [[bulbar palsy]], Canomad syndrome, [[carotid paraganglioma]], [[central pontine myelinosis]], [[central vagal nucleus lesion]], [[central hypoglossal nerve paralysis]], [[cerebellar Infarction]], [[Cerebellar stroke syndrome|cerebellar stroke]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[cerebrovascular accident]], [[congenital myasthenic syndrome]], [[osteophytes|cervical osteophytes]], [[dementia]], [[diabetic neuropathy]], [[dystonia]], [[Ohtahara syndrome|epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 1]], [[Facial Onset Sensory Motor Neuropathy syndrome|fosmn syndrome]], [[Guillain-Barre Syndrome]], [[head trauma]], [[Huntington disease]], [[infantile striato-thalamic degeneration]], [[Lateral funiculus|lateral funiculus angina]], [[lateral medullary syndrome]], [[Jean Lhermitte |Lhermitte-cornil-quesnel syndrome]], [[Lissencephaly|lissencephaly, type 1, x-linked]], [[Encephalopathy classification|metabolic encephalopathies]], [[microcephaly]], [[mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[motor neuron disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[multiple system atrophy]], [[muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type]], [[myasthenia gravis]], [[myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[myopathy]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[neuroferritinopathy]], [[neurosarcoidosis]], [[osmotic demyelination syndrome]], [[Parkinson's disease|Pallidopyramidal syndrome]], [[paraganglioma]], [[paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis]], [[Parkinson disease]], [[peripheral neuropathy]], [[Tongue|peripheral tongue paralysis]], [[polyradiculitis]], [[Pontocerebellar hypoplasia|pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2a]], [[Primary lateral sclerosis|primary lateral sclerosis, adult]], [[Esophageal motility disorder|primary motility disorders]], [[Pseudobulbar paralysis]],[[pseudodysphagia]], [[Esophageal motility disorder|secondary motility disorders]], [[Shy-Drager syndrome]], [[Hereditary spastic paraplegia|spastic paraplegia 11, autosomal recessive]], [[spinal muscular atrophy type I]], [[Spinocerebellar ataxia|spinocerebellar ataxia 17 ]], [[spinocerebellar ataxia|spinocerebellar ataxia 22 ]], [[Spinocerebellar ataxia|spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 1]], [[Striatonigral degeneration|striatonigral degeneration infantile]], [[stroke]], [[syringobulbia]], [[tardive dyskinesia]], [[vagus nerve|vagus nerve palsy]], [[Lateral medullary syndrome|Wallenberg's syndrome]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[10th cranial nerve disorder]], [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[Arnold–Chiari malformation]], [[POLG|ataxia neuropathy spectrum]], [[Dysautonomia|autonomic nerve disorders]], [[autonomic neuropathy]], [[Hereditary spastic paraplegia|autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, type 11]], [[Avellis syndrome]], [[Babinski–Nageotte syndrome]], [[basal ganglia disease]], [[basilar artery insufficiency syndrome]], [[brain stem gliomas]], [[brainstem stroke]], [[Brain stem tumor|brainstem tumors]], [[pseudobulbar palsy]], [[bulbar palsy]], Canomad syndrome, [[carotid paraganglioma]], [[central pontine myelinosis]], [[central vagal nucleus lesion]], [[central hypoglossal nerve paralysis]], [[cerebellar Infarction]], [[Cerebellar stroke syndrome|cerebellar stroke]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[cerebrovascular accident]], [[congenital myasthenic syndrome]], [[osteophytes|cervical osteophytes]], [[dementia]], [[diabetic neuropathy]], [[dystonia]], [[Ohtahara syndrome|epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 1]], [[Facial Onset Sensory Motor Neuropathy syndrome|fosmn syndrome]], [[Guillain-Barre Syndrome]], [[head trauma]], [[Huntington disease]], [[infantile striato-thalamic degeneration]], [[Lateral funiculus|lateral funiculus angina]], [[lateral medullary syndrome]], [[Jean Lhermitte |Lhermitte-cornil-quesnel syndrome]], [[Lissencephaly|lissencephaly, type 1, x-linked]], [[Encephalopathy classification|metabolic encephalopathies]], [[microcephaly]], [[mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[motor neuron disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], [[multiple system atrophy]], [[muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type]], [[myasthenia gravis]], [[myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome]], [[myopathy]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[neuroferritinopathy]], [[neurosarcoidosis]], [[osmotic demyelination syndrome]], [[Parkinson's disease|Pallidopyramidal syndrome]], [[paraganglioma]], [[paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis]], [[Parkinson disease]], [[peripheral neuropathy]], [[Tongue|peripheral tongue paralysis]], [[polyradiculitis]], [[Pontocerebellar hypoplasia|pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2a]], [[Primary lateral sclerosis|primary lateral sclerosis, adult]], [[Esophageal motility disorder|primary motility disorders]], [[Pseudobulbar paralysis]],[[pseudodysphagia]], [[Esophageal motility disorder|secondary motility disorders]], [[Shy-Drager syndrome]], [[Hereditary spastic paraplegia|spastic paraplegia 11, autosomal recessive]], [[spinal muscular atrophy type I]], [[Spinocerebellar ataxia|spinocerebellar ataxia 17]] , [[spinocerebellar ataxia|spinocerebellar ataxia 22]] , [[Spinocerebellar ataxia|spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 1]], [[Striatonigral degeneration|striatonigral degeneration infantile]], [[stroke]], [[syringobulbia]], [[tardive dyskinesia]], [[vagus nerve|vagus nerve palsy]], [[Lateral medullary syndrome|Wallenberg's syndrome]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Adrenoleukodystrophy]], [[amyloidosis]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[hydroxocobalamin]], [[hypokalemia]], [[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]], [[Wilson disease]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Adrenoleukodystrophy]], [[amyloidosis]], [[Gaucher disease]], [[hydroxocobalamin]], [[hypokalemia]], [[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]], [[Wilson disease]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Leiomyoma]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Leiomyoma]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acoustic neuroma]], [[Brain Stem Gliomas|brain  stem gliomas]], [[Brain stem tumor|brain stem tumors]], [[bronchial carcinoma]], [[carcinoma of the vocal tract]], [[carotid body tumor]], [[chordoma]], [[esophageal cancer]], [[gastric cancer]], [[laryngeal cancer]], [[laryngeal carcinoma]], [[leiomyoma]], [[lymphadenopathy]], [[malignant lung cancer]], [[malignant mesothelioma]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Head and neck cancer |neck cancer]], [[odontoma]], [[Oral cancer|Oral cavity tumor]], [[oropharyngeal cancer]], [[Oral cancer|palate cancer]], [[paraganglioma]], [[paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome]], [[Head and neck cancer|pharynx cancer]], [[small cell lung cancer]], [[stomach cancer]], [[supraglottic laryngeal cancer]], [[Head and neck cancer|throat cancer]], [[Anaplastic thyroid cancer|thyroid cancer, anaplastic]], [[tongue cancer]], [[tonsil cancer|tonsillar cancer]], [[vagal paraganglioma]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acoustic neuroma]], [[Brain Stem Gliomas|brain  stem gliomas]], [[Brain stem tumor|brain stem tumors]], [[bronchial carcinoma]], [[carcinoma of the vocal tract]], [[carotid body tumor]], [[chordoma]], [[esophageal cancer]], [[gastric cancer]], [[laryngeal cancer]], [[laryngeal carcinoma]], [[leiomyoma]], [[lymphadenopathy]], [[malignant lung cancer]], [[malignant mesothelioma]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]], [[Head and neck cancer |neck cancer]], [[odontoma]], [[Oral cancer|Oral cavity tumor]], [[oropharyngeal cancer]], [[Oral cancer|palate cancer]], [[paraganglioma]], [[paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome]], [[Head and neck cancer|pharynx cancer]], [[small cell lung cancer]], [[stomach cancer]], [[supraglottic laryngeal cancer]], [[Head and neck cancer|throat cancer]], [[Anaplastic thyroid cancer|thyroid cancer, anaplastic]], [[tongue cancer]], [[tonsil cancer|tonsillar cancer]], [[vagal paraganglioma]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Achromatopsia]], [[oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Achromatopsia]], [[oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alcoholism]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alcoholism]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Anxiety disorders]], [[dementia]], [[frontotemporal dementia]], [[functional disorders]], [[global hystericus]], [[rumination disorder]], [[tardive dyskinesia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anxiety disorders]], [[dementia]], [[frontotemporal dementia]], [[functional disorders]], [[global hystericus]], [[rumination disorder]], [[tardive dyskinesia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Bronchial carcinoma]], [[Bronchogenic cyst|congenital bronchogenic cyst]], [[epiglottitis]], [[malignant lung cancer]], [[malignant mesothelioma]][[mediastinal mass]], [[mediastinitis]], [[Ondine's curse]], [[pharyngitis]], [[pleuritis]], [[sarcoidosis]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Bronchial carcinoma]], [[Bronchogenic cyst|congenital bronchogenic cyst]], [[epiglottitis]], [[malignant lung cancer]], [[malignant mesothelioma]][[mediastinal mass]], [[mediastinitis]], [[Ondine's curse]], [[pharyngitis]], [[pleuritis]], [[sarcoidosis]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hypomagnesemia|Hypomagnesemia primary]], [[hypophosphatemia]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Hypomagnesemia|Hypomagnesemia primary]], [[hypophosphatemia]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Allergic swelling]], [[amyloidosis]], [[Behcet's syndrome]], Canomad syndrome, [[bone spur|cervical osteophytes]], [[CREST syndrome]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[Systemic scleroderma|diffuse systemic sclerosi]], [[fibrosis]], [[graft-versus-host disease]], [[inclusion body myositis]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]], [[osteophytes]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome]], [[polymyalgia rheumatica]], [[polymyositis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[stomatitis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[systemic sclerosis]], [[trismus]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Allergic swelling]], [[amyloidosis]], [[Behcet's syndrome]], Canomad syndrome, [[bone spur|cervical osteophytes]], [[CREST syndrome]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[Systemic scleroderma|diffuse systemic sclerosi]], [[fibrosis]], [[graft-versus-host disease]], [[inclusion body myositis]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]], [[osteophytes]], [[paraneoplastic syndrome]], [[polymyalgia rheumatica]], [[polymyositis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[stomatitis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[systemic sclerosis]], [[trismus]]  
|-
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Head trauma]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Head trauma]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Vincent's angina]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Vincent's angina]]  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Franek-bocker-kahlen syndrome,  [[palatoplegia]], [[Tongue disease|tongue conditions]], [[Vascular anomaly|vascular abnormality]]  
| bgcolor="Beige" | Franek-bocker-kahlen syndrome,  [[palatoplegia]], [[Tongue disease|tongue conditions]], [[Vascular anomaly|vascular abnormality]]  


|-
|-
Line 421: Line 421:
===Common Causes of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia===
===Common Causes of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia===
* A [[stroke]] can trigger a rapid onset of dysphagia with a high occurrence of aspiration.  The function of normal [[swallowing]] may or may not return completely following an acute phase lasting approximately 6 weeks. <ref name="Murray">Murray, J.  (1999).  ''Manual of Dysphagia Assessment in Adults''.  San Diego: Singular Publishing. </ref>
* A [[stroke]] can trigger a rapid onset of dysphagia with a high occurrence of aspiration.  The function of normal [[swallowing]] may or may not return completely following an acute phase lasting approximately 6 weeks. <ref name="Murray">Murray, J.  (1999).  ''Manual of Dysphagia Assessment in Adults''.  San Diego: Singular Publishing. </ref>
*  [[Parkinson's disease]] can cause "multiple prepharyngeal, pharyngeal, and esophageal abnormalities".  The severity of the disease most often correlates with the severity of the swallowing disorder.<ref name="Murray"> </ref>
*  [[Parkinson's disease]] can cause "multiple prepharyngeal, pharyngeal, and esophageal abnormalities".  The severity of the disease most often correlates with the severity of the swallowing disorder.<ref name="Murray" />
* Neurologic disorders such as [[stroke]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[Bell's palsy]], or [[myasthenia gravis]] can cause weakness of facial and lip muscles that are involved in coordinated mastication as well as weakness of other important [[Mastication#Muscles of mastication|muscles of mastication]] and swallowing.
* Neurologic disorders such as [[stroke]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[Bell's palsy]], or [[myasthenia gravis]] can cause weakness of facial and lip muscles that are involved in coordinated mastication as well as weakness of other important [[Mastication#Muscles of mastication|muscles of mastication]] and swallowing.
* [[Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]] is a genetic disease with palpebral [[ptosis (eyelid)|ptosis]], oropharyngeal dysphagia, and proximal limb weakness.
* [[Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy]] is a genetic disease with palpebral [[ptosis (eyelid)|ptosis]], oropharyngeal dysphagia, and proximal limb weakness.
* Decrease in salivary flow, which can lead to dry mouth or [[xerostomia]], can be due to [[Sjogren's syndrome]], [[anticholinergics]], [[antihistamines]], or certain [[antihypertensives]] and can lead to incomplete processing of food bolus.
* Decrease in salivary flow, which can lead to dry mouth or [[xerostomia]], can be due to [[Sjogren's syndrome]], [[anticholinergics]], [[antihistamines]], or certain [[antihypertensives]] and can lead to incomplete processing of food bolus.
* [[Xerostomia]] can reduce the volume and increase the [[viscosity]] of oral secretions making [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]] formation difficult as well as reducing the ability to initate and swallow the bolus<ref name="Murray"> </ref>  
* [[Xerostomia]] can reduce the volume and increase the [[viscosity]] of oral secretions making [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]] formation difficult as well as reducing the ability to initate and swallow the bolus<ref name="Murray" />  
* Dental problems can lead to inadequate chewing.
* Dental problems can lead to inadequate chewing.
* Abnormality in oral mucosa such as from [[mucositis]], aphthous [[ulcer]]s, or [[Herpes simplex virus|herpetic lesions]] can interfere with [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]] processing.
* Abnormality in oral mucosa such as from [[mucositis]], aphthous [[ulcer]]s, or [[Herpes simplex virus|herpetic lesions]] can interfere with [[Bolus (digestion)|bolus]] processing.
Line 431: Line 431:
* Increased upper esophageal sphincter tone can be due to [[Parkinson's disease]] which leads to incomplete opening of the UES. This may lead to formation of a [[Zenker's diverticulum]].
* Increased upper esophageal sphincter tone can be due to [[Parkinson's disease]] which leads to incomplete opening of the UES. This may lead to formation of a [[Zenker's diverticulum]].
* [[Pharyngeal pouch]]es typically cause difficulty in swallowing after the first mouthful of food, with regurgitation of the pouch contents. These pouches are also marked by malodorous breath due to decomposing foods residing in the pouches. (See [[Zenker's diverticulum]])
* [[Pharyngeal pouch]]es typically cause difficulty in swallowing after the first mouthful of food, with regurgitation of the pouch contents. These pouches are also marked by malodorous breath due to decomposing foods residing in the pouches. (See [[Zenker's diverticulum]])
* Dysphagia is often a side effect of surgical procedures like anterior [[cervical spine]] surgery, [[carotid endarterectomy]], head and neck resection, oral surgeries like removal of the tongue, and parietal laryngectomies <ref name="Murray"> </ref>
* Dysphagia is often a side effect of surgical procedures like anterior [[cervical spine]] surgery, [[carotid endarterectomy]], head and neck resection, oral surgeries like removal of the tongue, and parietal laryngectomies <ref name="Murray" />
* [[Radiotherapy]], used to treat head and neck cancer, can cause tissue [[fibrosis]] in the irradiated areas.  Fibrosis of [[tongue]] and [[larynx]] lead to reduced tongue base retraction and laryngeal elevation during swallowing<ref name="Murray"> </ref>
* [[Radiotherapy]], used to treat head and neck cancer, can cause tissue [[fibrosis]] in the irradiated areas.  Fibrosis of [[tongue]] and [[larynx]] lead to reduced tongue base retraction and laryngeal elevation during swallowing<ref name="Murray" />
* Infection may cause [[pharyngitis]] which can prevent swallowing due to [[Pain and nociception|pain]].
* Infection may cause [[pharyngitis]] which can prevent swallowing due to [[Pain and nociception|pain]].
* Medications can cause [[central nervous system]] effects that can result in an oropharyngeal dysphagia.  Examples: [[sedatives]], hypnotic agents, [[anticonvulsants]], [[antihistamines]], [[neuroleptics]], [[barbiturates]], and antiseizure medication.  Medications can also cause [[peripheral nervous system]] effects resulting in an oropharyngeal dysphagia. Examples: [[corticosteroids]], [[tetracycline]], [[L-tryptophan]], and [[anticholinergic]]s<ref name="Murray"> </ref>
* Medications can cause [[central nervous system]] effects that can result in an oropharyngeal dysphagia.  Examples: [[sedatives]], hypnotic agents, [[anticonvulsants]], [[antihistamines]], [[neuroleptics]], [[barbiturates]], and antiseizure medication.  Medications can also cause [[peripheral nervous system]] effects resulting in an oropharyngeal dysphagia. Examples: [[corticosteroids]], [[tetracycline]], [[L-tryptophan]], and [[anticholinergic]]s<ref name="Murray" />


===Common Causes of Esophageal Dysphagia===
===Common Causes of Esophageal Dysphagia===
Line 468: Line 468:
* [[Mediastinal tumor]]
* [[Mediastinal tumor]]
===Rare casues===
===Rare casues===
Scleredema adultorum<ref name="pmid29280826">{{cite journal| author=Chatterjee S, Hedman BJ, Kirby DF| title=An Unusual Cause of Dysphagia. | journal=J Clin Rheumatol | year= 2017 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=29280826 | doi=10.1097/RHU.0000000000000666 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29280826  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7064968">{{cite journal| author=Wright RA, Bernie H| title=Scleredema adultorum of Buschke with upper esophageal involvement. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 1982 | volume= 77 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-11 | pmid=7064968 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7064968  }} </ref>
* Scleredema adultorum<ref name="pmid29280826">{{cite journal| author=Chatterjee S, Hedman BJ, Kirby DF| title=An Unusual Cause of Dysphagia. | journal=J Clin Rheumatol | year= 2017 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=29280826 | doi=10.1097/RHU.0000000000000666 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29280826  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7064968">{{cite journal| author=Wright RA, Bernie H| title=Scleredema adultorum of Buschke with upper esophageal involvement. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 1982 | volume= 77 | issue= 1 | pages= 9-11 | pmid=7064968 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7064968  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 14:53, 23 January 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]Kiran Singh, M.D. [3]

Overview

Life threatening causes of dysphagia include lead poisoning, rabies, and stroke. Other common causes of dysphagia include food impaction, gastroesophageal reflux, and pharyngitis.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Aberrant subclavian artery, amyloidosis, anomalous left pulmonary artery,aortic aneurysm, aortic arch anomalies, charge syndrome, double aortic arch, enlarged aorta, enlarged left atrium, hypokalemia, mitral valve stenosis, pericarditis, superior vena cava syndrome
Chemical / poisoning Arizona bark scorpion poisoning, arsenic poisoning, botulism, cobra poisoning, fluoride poisoning, lead poisoning
Dermatologic Behcet's syndrome, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus
Drug Side Effect Antipsychotic medications, artemether and lumefantrin, atropine, botulinum toxin, bicalutamidechemotherapy, cyclosporine toxicity, cytarabine, dactinomycin, doxycycline, eletriptan, hydroxocobalaminhyoscyamine, ibandronate, ioxilan, ixabepilone, minocycline hydrochloride, nabumetone, neuroleptics, oxcarbazepine, pergolide, rimabotulinumtoxinb, riociguat, ropinirole, sargramostim, sertraline, scarlet fever, tiagabine
Ear Nose Throat Carcinoma of the vocal tract, cricopharyngeal spasm, eagle syndrome, epiglottitis, Impaired sensitivity in the larynx, laryngeal cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, oral pharyngeal disorders, oral submucous fibrosis, palatine tonsil, pharyngeal pouch, pharyngitis, pharynx cancer, quinsy, retropharyngeal abscess, tonsillar cancer
Endocrine Cushing's syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypokalemia, hypothyroidism, paraganglioma, Riedel thyroiditis, subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, thymoma, thyroglossal cyst, thyroid cancer, anaplastic,thyrotoxicosis, vagal paraganglioma, De Quervain's thyroiditis, solitary thyroid nodule
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Achalasia, adjustable gastric band, aerophagia, aspiration of foreign body, Barret's syndrome,candida esophagitis, cascade stomach, caustic esophagitis, Crohn's disease of the esophagus, diffuse esophageal spasm, diverticulum, eosinophilic esophagitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, esophageal atresia, esophageal cancer, esophageal cyst, esophageal diverticulum, esophageal leiomyoma, esophageal obstruction by a foreign body, esophageal pouch, esophageal spasm, esophageal stricture, esophageal web, esophageal moniliasis, esophageal sarcoidosis, esophageal trauma, esophagitis, esophagotracheal fistula, external esophageal compression, gastric cancer, gastric volvulus, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, gastroparesis, Gaucher disease, globus pharyngis, globus syndrome, hiatal hernia, hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, infectious esophagitis, intramural pseudodiverticulosis, lymphocytic esophagitis, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome, mucositis, myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome, nutcracker esophagus, odynophagia, peptic esophagitis, post surgery, peptic stricture, pharyngeal pouch, pill esophagitis, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, presbyphagia, pseudoachalasia, pyloric stenosis, radiation esophagitis, Schatzki ring, stomach cancer, upper oesophageal sphincter dysfunction, Wilson disease, zenker's diverticulum
Genetic Aberrant subclavian artery, achalasia-addisonian syndrome, achromatopsia, adrenoleukodystrophy, ataxia neuropathy spectrum,Behcet's syndrome, chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome, chromosome 22 ring, chromosome 22 trisomy mosaic, connective tissue disease, crisponi syndrome, Emanuel syndrome  , extreme spinal curvature, Gaucher disease,Huntington disease, lissencephaly, type 1, x-linked , muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type ,myotonic dystrophy, nemaline myopathy1, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, Opitz-frias syndrome, pseudoadrenoleukodystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy type I, spinocerebellar ataxia 17  , spinocerebellar ataxia 22, spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 1, Stuve-wiedemann dysplasia, vascular ring with right aortic arch, Wiedemann–Rautenstrauch syndrome, Wilson disease
Hematologic Agranulocytosis, mononucleosis, Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Abscess, angina tonsillaris, botulism, candida esophagitis, Chagas disease, cytomegalovirus, diphtheria, epiglottitis, gastritis, herpangina, herpes simplex virus, infectious esophagitis,laryngeal papillomatosis, lassa fever, Ludwig's angina, lyme disease, lymph granulomatosis, Lymphadenopathy,Medication-induced esophagitis, mumps, neonatal tetanus  , oral candidiasis, paracoccidioidomycosis, Pharyngitis, polio, poliomyelitis, postpolio syndrome, quinsy, rabies, retropharyngeal abscess, snakebites, stomatitis, syphilis, tetanus, tetrodotoxin, tonsillar abscess, ulcer, Vincent's angina
Musculoskeletal / Ortho cytoplasmic body myopathy, Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, distal myopathy 2, elongated styloid process, extreme spinal curvature, inclusion body myositis, muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type, osteophytes, Pierre Robin's sequence 
Neurologic 10th cranial nerve disorder, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Arnold–Chiari malformation, ataxia neuropathy spectrum, autonomic nerve disorders, autonomic neuropathy, autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia, type 11, Avellis syndrome, Babinski–Nageotte syndrome, basal ganglia disease, basilar artery insufficiency syndrome, brain stem gliomas, brainstem stroke, brainstem tumors, pseudobulbar palsy, bulbar palsy, Canomad syndrome, carotid paraganglioma, central pontine myelinosis, central vagal nucleus lesion, central hypoglossal nerve paralysis, cerebellar Infarction, cerebellar stroke, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident, congenital myasthenic syndrome, cervical osteophytes, dementia, diabetic neuropathy, dystonia, epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 1, fosmn syndrome, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, head trauma, Huntington disease, infantile striato-thalamic degeneration, lateral funiculus angina, lateral medullary syndrome, Lhermitte-cornil-quesnel syndrome, lissencephaly, type 1, x-linked, metabolic encephalopathies, microcephaly, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, multiple system atrophy, muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type, myasthenia gravis, myoneurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome, myopathy, myotonic dystrophy, neuroferritinopathy, neurosarcoidosis, osmotic demyelination syndrome, Pallidopyramidal syndrome, paraganglioma, paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, Parkinson disease, peripheral neuropathy, peripheral tongue paralysis, polyradiculitis, pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 2a, primary lateral sclerosis, adult, primary motility disorders, Pseudobulbar paralysis,pseudodysphagia, secondary motility disorders, Shy-Drager syndrome, spastic paraplegia 11, autosomal recessive, spinal muscular atrophy type I, spinocerebellar ataxia 17 , spinocerebellar ataxia 22 , spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 1, striatonigral degeneration infantile, stroke, syringobulbia, tardive dyskinesia, vagus nerve palsy, Wallenberg's syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic Adrenoleukodystrophy, amyloidosis, Gaucher disease, hydroxocobalamin, hypokalemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Wilson disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic Leiomyoma
Oncologic Acoustic neuroma, brain stem gliomas, brain stem tumors, bronchial carcinoma, carcinoma of the vocal tract, carotid body tumor, chordoma, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, laryngeal cancer, laryngeal carcinoma, leiomyoma, lymphadenopathy, malignant lung cancer, malignant mesothelioma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neck cancer, odontoma, Oral cavity tumor, oropharyngeal cancer, palate cancer, paraganglioma, paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, paraneoplastic syndrome, pharynx cancer, small cell lung cancer, stomach cancer, supraglottic laryngeal cancer, throat cancer, thyroid cancer, anaplastic, tongue cancer, tonsillar cancer, vagal paraganglioma
Opthalmologic Achromatopsia, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
Overdose / Toxicity Alcoholism
Psychiatric Anxiety disorders, dementia, frontotemporal dementia, functional disorders, global hystericus, rumination disorder, tardive dyskinesia
Pulmonary Bronchial carcinoma, congenital bronchogenic cyst, epiglottitis, malignant lung cancer, malignant mesotheliomamediastinal mass, mediastinitis, Ondine's curse, pharyngitis, pleuritis, sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte Hypomagnesemia primary, hypophosphatemia, systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Allergic swelling, amyloidosis, Behcet's syndrome, Canomad syndrome, cervical osteophytes, CREST syndrome, dermatomyositis, diffuse systemic sclerosi, fibrosis, graft-versus-host disease, inclusion body myositis, muscular dystrophy, oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, osteophytes, paraneoplastic syndrome, polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, stomatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, trismus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Head trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental Vincent's angina
Miscellaneous Franek-bocker-kahlen syndrome, palatoplegia, tongue conditions, vascular abnormality

Causes in Alphabetical Order[1] [2]

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

Common Causes of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

Common Causes of Esophageal Dysphagia

  • Peptic stricture, or narrowing of the esophagus, is usually a complication of acid reflux, most commonly due to gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). These patients are usually older and have had GERD for a long time. Acid reflux can also be due to other causes, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, NG tube placement, and scleroderma. Other non-acid related causes of peptic strictures include infectious esophagitis, ingestion of chemical irritant, pill irritation, and radiation. Peptic stricture is a progressive mechanical dysphagia, meaning patients will complain of initial intolerance to solids followed by inability to tolerate liquids. Usually the threshold to solid intolerance is 13 mm of the esophageal lumen. Symptoms relating to the underlying cause of the stricture usually will also be present.
  • Esophageal cancer also presents with progressive mechanical dysphagia. Patients usually come with rapidly progressive dysphagia first with solids then with liquids, weight loss (> 10 kg), and anorexia (loss of appetite). Esophageal cancer usually affects the elderly. Esophageal cancers can be either squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. Adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent in the US and is associated with patients with chronic GERD who has developed Barrett's esophagus (intestinal metaplasia of esophageal mucosa). Squamous cell carcinoma is more prevalent in Asia and is associated with tobacco smoking and alcohol use.
  • Esophageal rings and webs, are actual rings and webs of tissue that may occlude the esophageal lumen.
    • Rings --- Also known as Schatzki rings from the discoverer, these rings are usually mucosal rings rather than muscular rings, and are located near the gastroesophageal junction at the squamo-columnar junction. Presence of multiple rings may suggest eosinophilic esophagitis. Rings cause intermittent mechanical dysphagia, meaning patients will usually present with transient discomfort and regurgitation while swallowing solids and then liquids, depending on the constriction of the ring.
    • Webs --- Usually squamous mucosal protrusion into the esophageal lumen, especially anterior cervical esophagus behind the cricoid area. Patients are usually asymptomatic or have intermittent dysphagia. An important association of esophageal webs is to the Plummer-Vinson syndrome in iron deficiency, in which case patients will also have anemia, koilonychia, fatigue, and other symptoms of anemia.
  • Achalasia is an idiopathic motility disorder characterized by failure of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation as well as loss of peristalsis in the distal esophagus, which is mostly smooth muscle. Both of these features impair the ability of the esophagus to empty contents into the stomach. Patients usually complain of dysphagia to both solids and liquids. Dysphagia to liquids, in particular, is a characteristic of achalasia. Other symptoms of achalasia include regurgitation, night coughing, chest pain, weight loss, and heartburn. The combination of achalasia, adrenal insufficiency, and alacrima (lack of tear production) in children is known as the triple A (Allgrove) syndrome. In most cases the cause is unknown (idiopathic), but in some regions of the world, achalasia can also be caused by Chagas disease due to infection by Trypanosoma cruzi.
  • Scleroderma is a disease characterized by atrophy and sclerosis of the gut wall, most commonly of the distal esophagus (~90%). Consequently, the lower esophageal sphincter cannot close and this can lead to severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients typically present with progressive dysphagia to both solids and liquids secondary to motility problems or peptic stricture from acid reflux.
    • DES can be caused by many factors that affect muscular or neural functions, including acid reflux, stress, hot or cold food, or carbonated drinks. Patients present with intermittent dysphagia, chest pain, or heartburn.

Rare casues

References

  1. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Murray, J. (1999). Manual of Dysphagia Assessment in Adults. San Diego: Singular Publishing.
  4. Chatterjee S, Hedman BJ, Kirby DF (2017). "An Unusual Cause of Dysphagia". J Clin Rheumatol. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000666. PMID 29280826.
  5. Wright RA, Bernie H (1982). "Scleredema adultorum of Buschke with upper esophageal involvement". Am J Gastroenterol. 77 (1): 9–11. PMID 7064968.

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