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| ==Treatments== | | ==Treatments== |
| There are many conventional medications (over-the-counter and prescription) as well as alternative treatments for fungal skin infections, including athlete's foot. Important with any treatment plan is the practice of good hygiene. Several placebo controlled studies report that good foot hygiene alone can cure athlete's foot even without medication in 30-40% of the cases.<ref>[http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010901/791.html Over-the-Counter Foot Remedies] (American Family Physician)</ref> However, placebo-controlled trials of [[allylamine]]s and [[azole]]s for athlete’s foot consistently produce much higher percentages of cure than placebo.<ref name="Crawford_2007">{{cite journal |author=Crawford F, Hollis S |title=Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot |journal=[[Cochrane Library|Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |date= 18 July 2007 |issue=3 |pages=Art. No.: CD001434 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001434.pub2 |url=http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001434/frame.html |format=Review}}</ref>
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| ===Conventional treatments===
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| Conventional treatment typically involves daily or twice daily application of a topical medication in conjunction with hygiene measures outlined in the above section on [[Athlete's foot#prevention|prevention]]. Keeping feet dry and practicing good hygiene is crucial to preventing reinfection. Severe or prolonged fungal skin infections may require treatment with oral anti-fungal medication. Apply zinc oxide based diaper rash ointment. To prevent sweaty or wet feet that are breeding grounds for athlete's foot, apply [[talcum powder]] (baby powder) to absorb moisture that kills off the infection.
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| ====Topical medications====
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| {{main|Antifungal drug}}
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| The fungal infection is often treated with topical [[antifungal drug|antifungal]] agents, which can take the form of a spray, powder, cream, or gel. The most common ingredients in [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] products are [[miconazole nitrate]] (2% typical concentration in the United States) and [[tolnaftate]] (1% typ. in the U.S.). [[Terbinafine]], is another over-the-counter drug. There exists a large number of prescription antifungal drugs, from several different drug families. These include [[ketaconazole]], [[itraconazole]], [[naftifine]], [[nystatin]], [[caspofungin]]. One study showed that allylamines ([[terbinafine]], [[Amorolfine]], [[naftifine]], [[butenafine]]) cure slightly more infections than azoles ([[Miconazole]], [[ketaconazole]], [[clotrimazole]], [[itraconazole]], [[sertaconazole]], etc.).<ref name="Crawford_2007"/> [[Undecylenic acid]] (a [[castor oil]] derivative) is a known fungicide that can be used for fungal skin infections such as athlete's foot. [[Whitfield's Ointment]] (benzoic and salicylic acid) is an older treatment that still sees occasional use.
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| Some topical applications such as [[carbol fuchsin]] (also known in the U.S. as Castellani's paint), often used for [[intertrigo]], work well but in small selected areas. This red dye, used in this treatment like many other [[staining (biology)|vital stains]], is both [[Fungicide|fungicidal]] and [[Bacteriocide|bacteriocidal]]; however, because of the staining it is cosmetically undesirable. For many years [[gentian violet]] was also used for bacterial and fungal infections between fingers or toes.
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| The time line for cure may be long, often 45 days or longer. The recommended course of treatment is to ''continue to use the topical treatment for four weeks after the symptoms have subsided'' to ensure that the fungus has been completely eliminated. However, because the itching associated with the infection subsides quickly, patients may not complete the courses of therapy prescribed.
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| Anti-itch creams are ''not'' recommended as they will alleviate the symptoms but will exacerbate the fungus; this is due to the fact that anti-itch creams typically enhance the moisture content of the skin and encourage fungal growth. For the same reason, some drug manufacturers are using a gel instead of a cream for application of topical drugs (for example, [[naftin]] and Lamisil). [[Novartis]], maker of Lamisil, claims that a gel penetrates the skin more quickly than cream.
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| If the fungal invader is not a dermatophyte but a yeast, other medications such as [[fluconazole]] may be used. Typically fluconazole is used for candidal vaginal infections [[moniliasis]] but has been shown to be of benefit for those with cutaneous yeast infections as well. The most common of these infections occur in the web spaces (intertriginous) of the toes and at the base of the fingernail or toenail. The hall mark of these infections is a cherry red color surrounding the lesion and a yellow thick pus.
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| ====Oral medications====
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| Oral treatment with [[griseofulvin]] was begun early in the 1950s. Because of the tendency to cause liver problems and to provoke [[aplastic anemia]] the drugs were used cautiously and sparingly. Over time it was found that those problems were due to the size of the crystal in the manufacturing process and microsize and now ultramicrosize crystals are available with few of the original side effects.
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| For severe cases, the current preferred oral agent in the UK,<ref>{{cite web |author=[[National Health Service (England)|National Library for Health]] |title=What is the best treatment for tinea pedis? |url=http://www.clinicalanswers.nhs.uk/index.cfm?question=6098 |date= 06/September/07 |publisher=UK [[National Health Service (England)|National Health [[Media:Service]]|accessdate=2007]]-09-29}}</ref> is the more effective [[terbinafine]].<ref name="Bell-Syer_2002">{{cite journal |author=Bell-Syer SEM, Hart R, Crawford F, Torgerson DJ, Tyrrell W, Russell I. |title=Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot |journal=[[Cochrane Library|Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews]] |year=2002 |month=22 April |volume=2 |pages=Art. No.: CD003584. |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003584 |url=http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003584/frame.html |format=Review}}</ref> Other prescription oral antifungals include [[itraconazole]] and [[fluconazole]].<ref name="pmid12895184"/>
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| ===Alternative treatments===
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| ====Topical oils====
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| Symptomatic relief from itching may be achieved after topical application of [[tea tree oil]], probably due to its involvement in the [[histamine]] response;<ref name="pmid12452873">{{cite journal |author=Koh KJ, Pearce AL, Marshman G, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH |title=Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation |journal=Br. J. Dermatol. |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=1212–7 |year=2002 |pmid=12452873 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05034.x}}</ref> however, the efficacy of tea tree oil in the treatment of athlete's foot (achieving mycological cure) is questionable.<ref name="pmid11563570">{{cite journal |author=Bedinghaus JM, Niedfeldt MW |title=Over-the-counter foot remedies |journal=American family physician |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=791–6 |year=2001 |pmid=11563570 |doi= |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010901/791.html}}</ref><ref name="pmid1303075">{{cite journal |author=Tong MM, Altman PM, Barnetson RS |title=Tea tree oil in the treatment of tinea pedis |journal=Australas. J. Dermatol. |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=145–9 |year=1992 |pmid=1303075 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-0960.1992.tb00103.x}}</ref>
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| ====Onion extract====
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| A study of the effect of 3% (v/v) aqueous onion extract was shown to be very effective in laboratory conditions against ''Trichophyton mentagrophytes'' and ''T. rubrum''.<ref name=onionextract>{{cite web |author=Shams M |title=The effect of onion extract on ultrastructure of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum -- Abstract number: 902_p517 |work=14th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Prague / Czech Republic |date=May 1–4, 2004 |publisher=European Society of clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/eccmid14/abstract.asp?id=14160 |accessdate=2007-09-29}} and it is very strong</ref>
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| ====Garlic extract====
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| [[Ajoene]], a compound found in garlic, is sometimes used to treat athlete's foot.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Eliades Ledezma, Katiuska Marcano, Alicia Jorquera, Leonardo De Sousa, Maria Padilla, Mireya Pulgar, Rafael Apitz-Castro | title=Efficacy of ajoene in the treatment of tinea pedis: A double-blind and comparative study with terbinafine| journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | date=2000-11 | volume=43 | issue=5 | pages=829–832 | url=http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0190-9622/PIIS0190962200343675.pdf |format=PDF| doi=10.1067/mjd.2000.107243 | format={{Dead link|date=June 2008}} – <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AEfficacy+of+ajoene+in+the+treatment+of+tinea+pedis%3A+A+double-blind+and+comparative+study+with+terbinafine&as_publication=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref>
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| ====Rubbing alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and vinegar====
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| Direct application of [[rubbing alcohol]] and/or [[hydrogen peroxide]] after bathing can aid in killing the fungus at the surface level of the skin and will help prevent a secondary (bacterial) infection from occurring. In addition, soaking the feet in a bath of 70% rubbing alcohol will help dry the skin out, and likewise kill the invading fungus. The alcohol is not, however, effective against spores. [[Vinegar]] in some cases has killed the fungus and is effective against spores.
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| ====Boric acid====
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| [[Boric acid]] application in the socks is used to prevent athlete's foot when recurrent infections occurs, but is not used to treat it.
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| ====Hair dryer====
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| Since fungi grow in moist conditions, it is very important to dry the feet well after bathing. A hair dryer can be used to aid the drying process, or to dry feet which have become slightly moist in between showers or baths.
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| ====Baking soda====
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| Rubbing feet with a baking soda paste and/or sprinkling baking soda in shoes is thought to help by changing pH.<ref>[http://www.mothernature.com/Library/Bookshelf/Books/47/7.cfm The Doctors Book of Home Remedies Athletes Foot<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| ====Household bleach (not recommended)====
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| The use of household [[bleach]] as a direct topical application or soak for tinea pedis is not recommended, as it is a well documented irritant (clearly labelled in the United Kingdom as "Harmful" by [[COSHH]]). It is used ''diluted'' as an '''environmental''' decontaminatant to prevent the spread of dermatophytes between animals, and from animals to humans.
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| ====Epsom salts====
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| Some podiatrists recommend soaking the feet in a solution of [[magnesium sulfate|Epsom salts]] in warm water.
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| =====Urinating=====
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| Members of the US Military have used the method of urinating on the infected foot in the shower to get rid of the infection. It has proven non-effective.
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| ==Etymology== | | ==Etymology== |
