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| [[Arthrogryposis medical therapy|Medical therapy]] | [[Arthrogryposis surgery|Surgical options]] | [[Arthrogryposisprevention|Prevention]] | [[Arthrogryposis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Financial costs]]| [[Arthrogryposis future or investigational therapies|Future therapies]] | | [[Arthrogryposis medical therapy|Medical therapy]] | [[Arthrogryposis surgery|Surgical options]] | [[Arthrogryposisprevention|Prevention]] | [[Arthrogryposis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Financial costs]]| [[Arthrogryposis future or investigational therapies|Future therapies]] |
| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| AMC is relatively rare occurring in 1 out of every 3,000 live births.<ref name=DPO /><ref name=Ortho /> Amyoplasia, characterized by fatty and fibrous tissue replacement of the limb muscles, is the most common form 43%.<ref>16. Hall JG. Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita: Etiology, Genetics, Classification, Diagnostic Approach, and General Aspects. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1997;6:159-166.</ref> The majority of affected individuals survive but a minority die, usually due to respiratory muscle involvement.
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| ==Natural history, Complications and Prognosis==
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| ===Complications===
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| Complications may include [[scoliosis]], [[lung hypoplasia]] leading to respiratory problems, [[growth retardation]], [[midfacial hemangioma]], facial and jaw deformities, respiratory problems, and abdominal hernias.
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| ===Prognosis===
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| Individuals with AMC require vigorous therapy and surgical intervention. This however depends on severity.<ref name=DPO /> Since AMC is not a progressive disorder though, there are also positive factors as well including normal cognition and speech and a potential for functional mobility leading to a productive and independent lifestyle, adapting to specific situations as required by the individuals particular symptom.<ref>Hall JG. Amyoplasia, the most common type of Arthrogryposis: the potential for good outcome. Pediatrics. 1996;97:225-231.</ref>
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| ==Diagnosis==
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| There is a whole plethora of signs and symptoms for this group of diseases.<ref name=NLM />
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| Cognition and speech are usually normal.<ref name=DPO />
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| To date, no prenatal diagnostic tools are available to test for the condition. Diagnostic tools are only used to rule out other causes. This is done by undertaking muscle [[biopsies]], [[blood test]]s and general clinical findings which rule out other disorders and provides evidence for AMC.<ref name=DPO />
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| ===Physical Examination===
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| Some of the more common physical examination findings are
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| *Shoulder (internal rotation deformity)
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| *Elbow (extension and pronation deformity)
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| *Wrist (volar and ulnar deformity)
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| *Hand (fingers in fixed flexion and thumb-in-palm deformity)
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| *Hip (flexed, abducted and externally rotated, often dislocated)
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| *Knee (flexion deformity) and foot ([[clubfoot]] deformity).<ref name=Ortho />
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| ==Treatment==
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| While there is no cure, symptoms and deformities may still be alleviated with various methods due to multiple contractures and weakness.
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| *[[Physical therapy]] intervention including stretching (may include [[casting]] and [[splint]]ing program of affected joints), strengthening, mobility training, are undertaken to improve flexion and range of motion.
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| * [[Occupational therapy]] interventions can include training in ADL and fine motor skills as well as addressing psychosocial and emotional implications of a chronic condition.
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| *Since there is a variety of different deformities, individually tailored [[orthopaedic]] correction is needed.
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| *Orthopedic surgery is usually needed to correct severely affected joints and limbs and symptoms such as clubfoot, hernia repair and correction if unilateral hip dislocation occurs.<ref name=DPO />
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| ==References== | | ==References== |