Aplastic anemia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Aplastic anemia}}
[[Image:Home_logo1.png|right|250px|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aplastic_anemia]]
{{CMG}} {{AE}} Aric Hall, M.D., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA [mailto:achall@bidmc.harvard.edu]
{{CMG}} {{AE}} Aric Hall, M.D., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA [mailto:achall@bidmc.harvard.edu]


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==Differentiating Aplastic anemia from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Aplastic anemia from other Diseases==
Aplastic anemia must be differentiated based on different laboratory findings including [[mean cell volume]] ([[MCV]]), reticulocytosis, and hemolysis.
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of anemia, see below table.''''' 
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of microcytic anemia, click [[Microcytic anemia#Differentiating Microcytic Anemia from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of normocytic anemia, click [[Normocytic anemia#Differentiating Normocytic Anemia from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of macrocytic anemia, click [[Macrocytic anemia differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of hypochromic anemia, click [[Hypochromic anemia#Differentiating Hypochromic Anemia from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of normochromic anemia, click [[Normochromic anemia#Differentiating Normochromic Anemia from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of anisochromic anemia, click [[Anisochromic anemia#Differentiating Anisochromic Anemia from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemia, click [[Hemolytic anemia differential diagnosis|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of anemia with intrinsic hemolysis, click [[Anemia with intrinsic hemolysis#Differentiating Anemia with intrinsic hemolysis from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of anemia with extrinsic hemolysis, click [[Anemia with extrinsic hemolysis#Differentiating Anemia with extrinsic hemolysis from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of anemia with low reticulocytosis, click [[Anemia with low reticulocytosis#Differentiating Anemia with low reticulocytosis from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of anemia with normal reticulocytosis, click [[Anemia with normal reticulocytosis#Differentiating Anemia with normal reticulocytosis from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
'''''To review the differential diagnosis of anemia with high reticulocytosis, click [[Anemia with high reticulocytosis#Differentiating Anemia with high reticulocytosis from Other Diseases|here]].'''''
<small><small>
{|
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
! colspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Clinical manifestation
! colspan="12" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab findings
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
! colspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Iron studies
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin or TIBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | Transferrin saturation
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Iron deficiency anemia]]<ref name="pmid25946282">{{cite journal |vauthors=Camaschella C |title=Iron-deficiency anemia |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=372 |issue=19 |pages=1832–43 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25946282 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1401038 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Menorrhagia]]
* [[GI]] loss
* [[Gastrointestinal tract|GI]] surgery
* [[Pregnancy]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Koilonychia]]
* [[Pica]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Glossitis]]
* [[Cheilosis]]
* [[Dysphagia]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓↓↓
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Central [[pallor]]
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Iron deficiency anemia]] (early phase)<ref name="pmid24972460">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Andrade Cairo RC, Rodrigues Silva L, Carneiro Bustani N, Ferreira Marques CD |title=Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review |journal=Nutr Hosp |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1240–9 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24972460 |doi=10.3305/nh.2014.29.6.7245 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Pica]]
* [[Glossitis]]
* [[Angular cheilitis|Cheilosis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Headache]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Koilonychia]]
* Conjunctival [[pallor]]
* [[Xeroderma|Dry skin]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Pencil [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
* [[Hereditary elliptocytosis|Elliptocytosis]]
* Hypochromasia
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Lead poisoning]]<ref name="pmid25220013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bain BJ |title=Lead poisoning |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=89 |issue=12 |pages=1141 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25220013 |doi=10.1002/ajh.23852 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* House painted with chipped paint
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Burtonian lines
* [[Basophilic]] [[Stippling (dentistry)|stippling]]
* [[Wrist drop]]
* [[Foot drop]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Wrist drop]]
* [[Foot drop]]
* Burtonian lines
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Intravascular|Hypochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Red blood cell|RBCs]] retain aggregates of [[Ribosomal RNA|rRNA]]
* Basophilic stippling
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sideroblastic anemia]]<ref name="pmid25064706">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bottomley SS, Fleming MD |title=Sideroblastic anemia: diagnosis and management |journal=Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=653–70, v |date=August 2014 |pmid=25064706 |doi=10.1016/j.hoc.2014.04.008 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Defect in [[ALA synthase]] gene
* [[Autosomal dominant]]
* [[Autosomal recessive]]
* [[X-linked]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Alcohol]] abuse
* [[Isoniazid]] use
* [[Chloramphenicol]] use
* [[Idiopathic]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Seborrheic dermatitis]]
* Glossy Tongue
* [[Tingling]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Patient present with symptoms of [[Vitamin B6]], [[copper deficiency]] symptoms
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Ringed [[Sideroblastic|sideroblasts]]
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Anemia of chronic disease]]<ref name="pmid21239806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roy CN |title=Anemia of inflammation |journal=Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program |volume=2010 |issue= |pages=276–80 |date=2010 |pmid=21239806 |doi=10.1182/asheducation-2010.1.276 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
* [[SLE]]
* [[Neoplasm]]
* [[Chronic kidney disease]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Headache]]
* [[Shortness of breath]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Thalassemia]]<ref name="pmid25500521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zainal NZ, Alauddin H, Ahmad S, Hussin NH |title=α-Thalassemia with Haemoglobin Adana mutation: prenatal diagnosis |journal=Malays J Pathol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=207–11 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25500521 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | '''[[Thalassemia|α-thalassemia]]'''
* '''''α'''''- globin gene deletions
* [[Cis]] deletions
* [[Trans]] deletions
'''[[Thalassemia|β-thalassemia]]'''
* [[Point mutation]] in [[Splice site|splice sites]] and promoter sequences
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Associated with [[parvovirus B19]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Thalassemia|'''α-thalassemia''']]
* [[Hydrops fetalis]]
[[Thalassemia|'''β-thalassemia''']]
* [[Skeletal]] deformities
* Chipmunk facies
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Hepatomegaly]]
* [[Splenomegaly]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Hypochromic anemia|Hypochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Thalassemia trait: Nl or ↓
* Thalassemia Syndromes: ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↑
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Target cell|Target cells]]
* Anisopoikilocytosis
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|G6pd deficiency]]<ref name="pmid24372186">{{cite journal |vauthors=Luzzatto L, Seneca E |title=G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on-going clinical implications |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=164 |issue=4 |pages=469–80 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24372186 |pmc=4153881 |doi=10.1111/bjh.12665 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Defect in [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|G6PD]] enzyme
* X-Linked [[recessive]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* History of using
** [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|Sulfa drugs]]
** [[Antimalarial drug|Antimalarials]]
** [[Fava bean|Fava Beans]]
* [[Infection|Infections]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Back pain]]
* [[Hemoglobinuria]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Back pain]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Intrinsic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑ but usually causes resolution within 4-7 days
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl to ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Red blood cell|RBC]] with [[Heinz bodies]]
* Bite [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
* Blister [[Cell (biology)|cells]]
*
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]]<ref name="pmid26087744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grace RF, Zanella A, Neufeld EJ, Morton DH, Eber S, Yaish H, Glader B |title=Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency: 2015 status report |journal=Am. J. Hematol. |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=825–30 |date=September 2015 |pmid=26087744 |pmc=5053227 |doi=10.1002/ajh.24088 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Mutation]] in the ''[[PKLR]]'' and ''[[PKM2|PKM]]'' gene
* [[Autosomal recessive]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Gallstones]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Hydrops fetalis]]
* [[Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia]]
* [[Iron overload]]
* [[Perinatal]] complications
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Skin [[ulcers]]
* [[Splenomegaly]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Prickle [[cells]]
* Polychromatophilic [[erythrocytes]]
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell anemia]]<ref name="pmid25431087">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singh PC, Ballas SK |title=Emerging drugs for sickle cell anemia |journal=Expert Opin Emerg Drugs |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=47–61 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25431087 |doi=10.1517/14728214.2015.985587 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Hbs [[point mutation]] causes a single [[Amino acid|amino acid]] replacement in β chain
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[High altitude]]
* Low [[Oxygen]]
* [[Acidosis]]
* African-American race
* [[Parvovirus B19]] infection
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Painful crisis
** [[Dactylitis]]
** [[Priapism]]
** [[Acute chest syndrome]]
** [[Avascular necrosis|Avascular Necrosis]]
** [[Stroke]]
* [[Autosplenectomy]]
* [[Salmonella|Salmonella osteomyelitis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Dactylitis]]
* [[Priapism]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or moderately ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl or moderately ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Increased [[erythropoiesis]]
* [[Howell-Jolly bodies]]
* [[Anisocytosis]]
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |HbC disease<ref name="pmid25335812">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lemonne N, Billaud M, Waltz X, Romana M, Hierso R, Etienne-Julan M, Connes P |title=Rheology of red blood cells in patients with HbC disease |journal=Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=571–7 |date=2016 |pmid=25335812 |doi=10.3233/CH-141906 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Glutamic acid–to-lysine [[mutation]] in β-globin
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Gallstone]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Joint pains]]
* Increased risk of [[Infection|infections]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Splenomegaly]]
* [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]
* [[Avascular necrosis|Avascular necrosis of the femoral head]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Hemoglobin crystals inside [[RBCs]]
* [[Target cell|Target cells]]
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]<ref name="pmid1402472">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bunyaratvej A, Butthep P |title=Cytometric analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes |journal=J Med Assoc Thai |volume=75 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=237–42 |date=January 1992 |pmid=1402472 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25553278">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kahng J, Kim Y, Kim JO, Koh K, Lee JW, Han K |title=A novel marker for screening paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria using routine complete blood count and cell population data |journal=Ann Lab Med |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=35–40 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25553278 |pmc=4272963 |doi=10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.35 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[PIGA]] gene mutations
* Impaired  synthesis of [[GPI anchor]] for [[decay-accelerating  factor]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Associated with [[aplastic anemia]]
* [[Thrombosis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Chest pain]]
* [[Dyspnea]] on exertion
* [[Headache]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Hemolysis|Chronic hemolysis]]
* [[Hepatomegaly]]
* [[Ascites]]
* [[Papilledema]]
* Skin nodules
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hereditary spherocytosis]]<ref name="pmid23664421">{{cite journal |vauthors=Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N |title=Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders |journal=Blood Rev. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=167–78 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23664421 |doi=10.1016/j.blre.2013.04.003 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Mutations]] in [[Ankyrin]], [[Band 3]], [[Protein 4.2]], and [[spectrin]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Associated with [[parvovirus B19]]
* [[Cholelithiasis]]
* Megaloblastic crisis
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Aplastic crisis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Splenomegaly]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Intrinsic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Small, round [[Red blood cell|RBC]]s with less surface area and no central pallor
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]]<ref name="pmid26251142">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morishita E |title=[Diagnosis and treatment of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia] |language=Japanese |journal=Rinsho Ketsueki |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=795–806 |date=July 2015 |pmid=26251142 |doi=10.11406/rinketsu.56.795 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23390027">{{cite journal |vauthors=George JN, Charania RS |title=Evaluation of patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia |journal=Semin. Thromb. Hemost. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=153–60 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23390027 |doi=10.1055/s-0032-1333538 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with
* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation|DIC]]
* [[TTP]]
* [[Hemolytic-uremic syndrome|HUS]]
* [[SLE]]
* [[HELLP syndrome]]
* [[Hypertensive crisis|Hypertensive emergency]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Purpura]]
* [[Confusion]]
* [[Aphasia]]
* [[Diplopia]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Paresthesia|Numbness]] of an arm or hand
* [[Jaundice]]
* [[Pallor|Pale conjunctiva]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Helmet cells
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia<ref name="pmid5108522">{{cite journal |vauthors=Westphal RG, Azen EA |title=Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to congenital cardiovascular anomalies |journal=JAMA |volume=216 |issue=9 |pages=1477–8 |date=May 1971 |pmid=5108522 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Autoimmunity|Autoimmune]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with
* [[Artificial heart valve|Prosthetic heart valves]]
* [[Aortic stenosis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Pallor]]
* [[Fatigue]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Signs of [[anemia]]
* Complications of [[hemolysis]]
* Decreased vascular volume
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Spherocytosis|Spherocytes]] or [[Red blood cell|schistocytes]]
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Autoimmune  hemolytic anemia]]<ref name="pmid26447931">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hill QA |title=Autoimmune hemolytic anemia |journal=Hematology |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=553–4 |date=October 2015 |pmid=26447931 |doi=10.1179/1024533215Z.000000000401 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with:
* [[SLE]]
* [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia|CLL]]
* [[Mycoplasma pneumonia]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Painful blue fingers and toes on exposure to cold temperature
* [[Chest pain]]
* [[Rigor|Chills]]
* [[Dizziness]]
* [[Tachycardia]]
* [[Headache]]
* [[Fatigue]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Painful, blue fingers and toes with cold weather
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Red blood cell|RBC]] agglutination
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Aplastic anemia]]<ref name="pmid24424170">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dolberg OJ, Levy Y |title=Idiopathic aplastic anemia: diagnosis and classification |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=13 |issue=4-5 |pages=569–73 |date=2014 |pmid=24424170 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.014 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Constitutive expression of Tbet
* [[Mutation|Mutations]] in the [[perforin]] gene
* Mutations in ''SAP'' gene
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Exposure to [[Radiation]]
* Drugs like [[Benzene]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[Alkylating agent|alkylating agents]]
* Viral infections like [[EBV]], [[HIV]], [[Hepatitis]]
* [[Fanconi anemia]]
* Idiopathic like [[Immune]] mediated, primary stem cell defect
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Symptoms based on underlying condition
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Short stature
* [[Cafe-au-lait spots]]
* Thumb defects
* [[Radius (bone)|Radial]] defects
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Pancytopenia]]
* Fatty [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]]
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Folate deficiency]]<ref name="pmid25663227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koike H, Takahashi M, Ohyama K, Hashimoto R, Kawagashira Y, Iijima M, Katsuno M, Doi H, Tanaka F, Sobue G |title=Clinicopathologic features of folate-deficiency neuropathy |journal=Neurology |volume=84 |issue=10 |pages=1026–33 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25663227 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000001343 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Impaired [[DNA]] synthesis
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Long-term effects of alcohol|Alcohol consumption]]
* History of using drugs like [[methotrexate]], [[trimethoprim]], and [[phenytoin]]
* Low socioeconomic groups with poor nutrition
* Older people
* [[Pregnancy|Pregnant]] and [[lactating]] women
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* No neurological symptoms vs [[Vitamin B12 deficiency|B12 deficiency]]
* [[Odinophagia|Odynophagia]]
* [[Stomatitis|Angular stomatitis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Glossitis]]
* Signs of [[Congestive heart failure|heart failure]]
* [[Anencephaly]] and [[spina bifida]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Macrocytosis|RBC macrocytosis]]
* [[Neutrophil|Hypersegmented neutrophils]]
* [[Pancytopenia]] in severe cases
*
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]<ref name="pmid25189324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hunt A, Harrington D, Robinson S |title=Vitamin B12 deficiency |journal=BMJ |volume=349 |issue= |pages=g5226 |date=September 2014 |pmid=25189324 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Impaired [[DNA synthesis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Pernicious anemia]]
* [[Crohn's disease]]
* [[Gastrectomy]]
* [[Vegan|Veganism]]
* [[Diphyllobothrium|Diphyllobothrium latum]] infection
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Psychosis]]
* [[Insomnia]]
* [[Depression]]
* Cognitive slowing
* [[Restless leg syndrome]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Neurological deficit
* [[Myelopathy]]
* [[Memory loss]] with reduced attention span
* [[Nystagmus]]
* Positive [[Romberg test|romberg sign]]
* Positive [[Lhermitte's sign]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Senile]] [[neutrophil]]
* [[Anisocytosis]]
* [[Ovalocytosis|Ovalocytes]]
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Orotic aciduria]]<ref name="pmid25757096">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grohmann K, Lauffer H, Lauenstein P, Hoffmann GF, Seidlitz G |title=Hereditary orotic aciduria with epilepsy and without megaloblastic anemia |journal=Neuropediatrics |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=123–5 |date=April 2015 |pmid=25757096 |doi=10.1055/s-0035-1547341 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Autosomal recessive]]
* Deficiency of enzyme [[Uridine monophosphate synthetase|UMPS]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Episodic [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]]
* [[Rhabdomyolysis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Coma]]
* [[Gastrointestinal tract|Gastrointestinal]] manifestation
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Neurological manifestation
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |NA
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Fanconi anemia]]<ref name="pmid25455269">{{cite journal |vauthors=Alter BP |title=Fanconi anemia and the development of leukemia |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Haematol |volume=27 |issue=3-4 |pages=214–21 |date=2014 |pmid=25455269 |pmc=4254647 |doi=10.1016/j.beha.2014.10.002 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Autosomal recessive]]
* [[X-linked recessive]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* History of [[anemia]] at age 16
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Hypopigmentation]]
* [[Café au lait spot|Cafe-au-lait patches]]
* Radial ray anomaly
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Significant for bilateral short thumbs
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Nl appearing [[White blood cells|WBC]], [[Red blood cell|RBC]] and [[Platelet|Platelets]]
* But the number is greatly reduced
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]]<ref name="pmid24665981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vlachos A, Blanc L, Lipton JM |title=Diamond Blackfan anemia: a model for the translational approach to understanding human disease |journal=Expert Rev Hematol |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=359–72 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24665981 |doi=10.1586/17474086.2014.897923 |url=}}</ref>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Mutations in:
* ''RPL5''
* ''RPL11''
* ''RPL35A''
* ''RPS7''
* ''RPS10''
* ''RPS17''
* ''RPS19''
* ''RPS24''
* ''RPS26''
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Associated with [[myelodysplastic syndrome]]
* Increased risk of [[AML]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Pale skin]]
* Sleepiness
* [[Murmur|Heart murmurs]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Triphalangeal  thumbs
* [[Short stature]]
* [[Microcephaly]]
* [[Hypertelorism]]
* [[Ptosis]]
* [[Micrognathia]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |NA
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infection|Infections]]<ref name="pmid23324217">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bustinduy AL, Parraga IM, Thomas CL, Mungai PL, Mutuku F, Muchiri EM, Kitron U, King CH |title=Impact of polyparasitic infections on anemia and undernutrition among Kenyan children living in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=433–40 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23324217 |pmc=3592521 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.12-0552 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Associated with
* [[Malaria]]
* [[Babesia]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Fever]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Fever]]
* Signs of [[shock]]
* [[Headache]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Extrinsic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Trophozoite]]
* Maltese crosses
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Chronic renal failure|Chronic kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid26030647">{{cite journal |vauthors=Drawz P, Rahman M |title=Chronic kidney disease |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=11 |pages=ITC1–16 |date=June 2015 |pmid=26030647 |doi=10.7326/AITC201506020 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Pericarditis]]
* [[Encephalopathy]]
* [[Incontinence|Rectal incontinence]]
* Decreased [[libido]]
* [[Restless legs syndrome|Restless leg syndrome]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Polyuria]]
* [[Hematuria]]
* [[Edema]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Hypertension]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | −
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normochromic anemia|Normochromic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Normocytic anemia|Normocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl/↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hepato-biliary diseases|Liver disease]]<ref name="pmid23953338">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marks PW |title=Hematologic manifestations of liver disease |journal=Semin. Hematol. |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=216–21 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23953338 |doi=10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.06.003 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Hepatitis]]
* Binge drinking
* Gall bladder disease
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Jaundice]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Itchy skin]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Ascites]]
* Right upper quadrant pain
* [[Hepatomegaly]]
* [[Edema|Swelling]] in the legs
* [[Ankle swelling]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Macrocyte|Round macrocytes]]
* [[Macrocyte|Target macrocytes]]
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Alcoholism]]<ref name="pmid24588059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yokoyama A, Yokoyama T, Brooks PJ, Mizukami T, Matsui T, Kimura M, Matsushita S, Higuchi S, Maruyama K |title=Macrocytosis, macrocytic anemia, and genetic polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 in Japanese alcoholic men |journal=Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=1237–46 |date=May 2014 |pmid=24588059 |doi=10.1111/acer.12372 |url=}}</ref>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* History of increased [[Effects of alcohol on the body|alcohol intake]]
* [[Folic acid deficiency]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Memory impairment]]
* [[Nausea]]
* [[Sweating]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Truncal [[obesity]]
* [[Asterixis]]
* [[Encephalopathy]]
* [[Spider angiomas]]
* [[Hematemesis]]
* [[Gynecomastia]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |−
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Anisochromic
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |[[Macrocytic anemia|Macrocytic]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |↑
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Macrocyte|Oval macrocytes]]
* [[Neutrophil|Hypersegmented neutrophils]]
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Disease
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genetics
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |History
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Symptoms
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Signs
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hemolysis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Intrinsic/
Extrinsic
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hb concentration
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |MCV
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |RDW
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Reticulocytosis
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Haptoglobin levels
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Hepcidin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum iron
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Serum Tfr level
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |IBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ferritin
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Transferrin saturation
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specific finding on blood smear
|}
</small></small>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 20:57, 26 February 2019

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aric Hall, M.D., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA [2]

Overview

The primary diagnostic dilemma is differentiating aplastic anemia from a hypocellular myelodysplastic syndrome.

Differentiating Aplastic anemia from other Diseases

Aplastic anemia must be differentiated based on different laboratory findings including mean cell volume (MCV), reticulocytosis, and hemolysis.

To review the differential diagnosis of anemia, see below table.

To review the differential diagnosis of microcytic anemia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of normocytic anemia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of macrocytic anemia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of hypochromic anemia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of normochromic anemia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of anisochromic anemia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemia, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of anemia with intrinsic hemolysis, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of anemia with extrinsic hemolysis, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of anemia with low reticulocytosis, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of anemia with normal reticulocytosis, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of anemia with high reticulocytosis, click here.

Disease Genetics Clinical manifestation Lab findings
History Symptoms Signs Hemolysis Intrinsic/

Extrinsic

Hb concentration MCV RDW Reticulocytosis Haptoglobin levels Hepcidin Iron studies Specific finding on blood smear
Serum iron Serum Tfr level Transferrin or TIBC Ferritin Transferrin saturation
Iron deficiency anemia[1] Hypochromic Microcytic Nl or ↓ Nl Nl ↓↓↓
Iron deficiency anemia (early phase)[2] Normochromic Normocytic Nl Nl
Lead poisoning[3]
  • House painted with chipped paint
Hypochromic Microcytic Nl Nl or ↓ Nl Nl Nl to ↓ Nl Nl Nl to ↓
  • RBCs retain aggregates of rRNA
  • Basophilic stippling
Sideroblastic anemia[4] Hypochromic Microcytic Nl Nl or ↓ Nl Nl Nl Nl to ↓
Disease Genetics History Symptoms Signs Hemolysis Intrinsic/

Extrinsic

Hb concentration MCV RDW Reticulocytosis Haptoglobin levels Hepcidin Serum iron Serum Tfr level IBC Ferritin Transferrin saturation Specific finding on blood smear
Anemia of chronic disease[5] Hypochromic Microcytic Nl Nl or ↓ Nl Nl NA
Thalassemia[6] α-thalassemia
  • α- globin gene deletions
  • Cis deletions
  • Trans deletions

β-thalassemia

α-thalassemia

β-thalassemia

Hypochromic Microcytic Nl
  • Thalassemia trait: Nl or ↓
  • Thalassemia Syndromes: ↑
Nl Nl Nl to ↑ Nl Nl Nl to ↑
G6pd deficiency[7]
  • History of using
+ Intrinsic Normochromic Normocytic ↑ but usually causes resolution within 4-7 days Nl to ↑ Nl
Pyruvate kinase deficiency[8] + Intrinsic Normochromic Normocytic Nl Nl Nl
Disease Genetics History Symptoms Signs Hemolysis Intrinsic/

Extrinsic

Hb concentration MCV RDW Reticulocytosis Haptoglobin levels Hepcidin Serum iron Serum Tfr level IBC Ferritin Transferrin saturation Specific finding on blood smear
Sickle cell anemia[9] + Intrinsic Normochromic Normocytic Nl or moderately ↑ Nl Nl Nl or moderately ↑ Nl
HbC disease[10]
  • Glutamic acid–to-lysine mutation in β-globin
+ Intrinsic Normochromic Normocytic Nl Nl Nl Nl
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria[11][12] + Intrinsic Normochromic Normocytic Nl Nl NA
Hereditary spherocytosis[13] + Intrinsic Normochromic Normocytic Nl Nl Nl
  • Small, round RBCs with less surface area and no central pallor
Disease Genetics History Symptoms Signs Hemolysis Intrinsic/

Extrinsic

Hb concentration MCV RDW Reticulocytosis Haptoglobin levels Hepcidin Serum iron Serum Tfr level IBC Ferritin Transferrin saturation Specific finding on blood smear
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia[14][15] Associated with + Extrinsic Normochromic Normocytic Nl Nl
  • Helmet cells
Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia[16] Associated with + Extrinsic Normochromic Normocytic Nl Nl
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia[17] Associated with:
  • Painful, blue fingers and toes with cold weather
+ Extrinsic Normochromic Normocytic Nl Nl
  • RBC agglutination
Aplastic anemia[18]
  • Symptoms based on underlying condition
Normochromic Normocytic Nl Nl Nl
Disease Genetics History Symptoms Signs Hemolysis Intrinsic/

Extrinsic

Hb concentration MCV RDW Reticulocytosis Haptoglobin levels Hepcidin Serum iron Serum Tfr level IBC Ferritin Transferrin saturation Specific finding on blood smear
Folate deficiency[19]
  • Impaired DNA synthesis
Anisochromic Macrocytic Nl Nl
Vitamin B12 deficiency[20] Anisochromic Macrocytic Nl Nl
Orotic aciduria[21]
  • Neurological manifestation
Anisochromic Macrocytic Nl Nl NA
Fanconi anemia[22]
  • Significant for bilateral short thumbs
Anisochromic Macrocytic Nl Nl
Disease Genetics History Symptoms Signs Hemolysis Intrinsic/

Extrinsic

Hb concentration MCV RDW Reticulocytosis Haptoglobin levels Hepcidin Serum iron Serum Tfr level IBC Ferritin Transferrin saturation Specific finding on blood smear
Diamond-Blackfan anemia[23] Mutations in:
  • RPL5
  • RPL11
  • RPL35A
  • RPS7
  • RPS10
  • RPS17
  • RPS19
  • RPS24
  • RPS26
Anisochromic Macrocytic Nl Nl Nl NA
Infections[24] Associated with + Extrinsic Normochromic Normocytic Nl Nl Nl
Chronic kidney disease[25] Normochromic Normocytic Nl/↑ Nl Nl
Liver disease[26]
  • Hepatitis
  • Binge drinking
  • Gall bladder disease
Anisochromic Macrocytic Nl Nl
Alcoholism[27] Anisochromic Macrocytic Nl Nl
Disease Genetics History Symptoms Signs Hemolysis Intrinsic/

Extrinsic

Hb concentration MCV RDW Reticulocytosis Haptoglobin levels Hepcidin Serum iron Serum Tfr level IBC Ferritin Transferrin saturation Specific finding on blood smear

References

  1. Camaschella C (May 2015). "Iron-deficiency anemia". N. Engl. J. Med. 372 (19): 1832–43. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1401038. PMID 25946282.
  2. De Andrade Cairo RC, Rodrigues Silva L, Carneiro Bustani N, Ferreira Marques CD (June 2014). "Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review". Nutr Hosp. 29 (6): 1240–9. doi:10.3305/nh.2014.29.6.7245. PMID 24972460.
  3. Bain BJ (December 2014). "Lead poisoning". Am. J. Hematol. 89 (12): 1141. doi:10.1002/ajh.23852. PMID 25220013.
  4. Bottomley SS, Fleming MD (August 2014). "Sideroblastic anemia: diagnosis and management". Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 28 (4): 653–70, v. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2014.04.008. PMID 25064706.
  5. Roy CN (2010). "Anemia of inflammation". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2010: 276–80. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2010.1.276. PMID 21239806.
  6. Zainal NZ, Alauddin H, Ahmad S, Hussin NH (December 2014). "α-Thalassemia with Haemoglobin Adana mutation: prenatal diagnosis". Malays J Pathol. 36 (3): 207–11. PMID 25500521.
  7. Luzzatto L, Seneca E (February 2014). "G6PD deficiency: a classic example of pharmacogenetics with on-going clinical implications". Br. J. Haematol. 164 (4): 469–80. doi:10.1111/bjh.12665. PMC 4153881. PMID 24372186.
  8. Grace RF, Zanella A, Neufeld EJ, Morton DH, Eber S, Yaish H, Glader B (September 2015). "Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency: 2015 status report". Am. J. Hematol. 90 (9): 825–30. doi:10.1002/ajh.24088. PMC 5053227. PMID 26087744.
  9. Singh PC, Ballas SK (March 2015). "Emerging drugs for sickle cell anemia". Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 20 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1517/14728214.2015.985587. PMID 25431087.
  10. Lemonne N, Billaud M, Waltz X, Romana M, Hierso R, Etienne-Julan M, Connes P (2016). "Rheology of red blood cells in patients with HbC disease". Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 61 (4): 571–7. doi:10.3233/CH-141906. PMID 25335812.
  11. Bunyaratvej A, Butthep P (January 1992). "Cytometric analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria erythrocytes". J Med Assoc Thai. 75 Suppl 1: 237–42. PMID 1402472.
  12. Kahng J, Kim Y, Kim JO, Koh K, Lee JW, Han K (January 2015). "A novel marker for screening paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria using routine complete blood count and cell population data". Ann Lab Med. 35 (1): 35–40. doi:10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.35. PMC 4272963. PMID 25553278.
  13. Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N (July 2013). "Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders". Blood Rev. 27 (4): 167–78. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2013.04.003. PMID 23664421.
  14. Morishita E (July 2015). "[Diagnosis and treatment of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia]". Rinsho Ketsueki (in Japanese). 56 (7): 795–806. doi:10.11406/rinketsu.56.795. PMID 26251142.
  15. George JN, Charania RS (March 2013). "Evaluation of patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia". Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 39 (2): 153–60. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1333538. PMID 23390027.
  16. Westphal RG, Azen EA (May 1971). "Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to congenital cardiovascular anomalies". JAMA. 216 (9): 1477–8. PMID 5108522.
  17. Hill QA (October 2015). "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia". Hematology. 20 (9): 553–4. doi:10.1179/1024533215Z.000000000401. PMID 26447931.
  18. Dolberg OJ, Levy Y (2014). "Idiopathic aplastic anemia: diagnosis and classification". Autoimmun Rev. 13 (4–5): 569–73. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.014. PMID 24424170.
  19. Koike H, Takahashi M, Ohyama K, Hashimoto R, Kawagashira Y, Iijima M, Katsuno M, Doi H, Tanaka F, Sobue G (March 2015). "Clinicopathologic features of folate-deficiency neuropathy". Neurology. 84 (10): 1026–33. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001343. PMID 25663227.
  20. Hunt A, Harrington D, Robinson S (September 2014). "Vitamin B12 deficiency". BMJ. 349: g5226. PMID 25189324.
  21. Grohmann K, Lauffer H, Lauenstein P, Hoffmann GF, Seidlitz G (April 2015). "Hereditary orotic aciduria with epilepsy and without megaloblastic anemia". Neuropediatrics. 46 (2): 123–5. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1547341. PMID 25757096.
  22. Alter BP (2014). "Fanconi anemia and the development of leukemia". Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 27 (3–4): 214–21. doi:10.1016/j.beha.2014.10.002. PMC 4254647. PMID 25455269.
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