Milk-alkali syndrome causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]
Overview
Currently, the main cause of milk-alkali syndrome is calcium carbonate consumption, mostly in postmenopausal women for osteoporosis prevention or treatment or in patients on glucocorticoid therapy (for example in organ transplantation), and chronic renal disease.With the introduction of histamine antagonists and decrease in antacid consumption since the 1970s, the incidence of milk-alkali syndrome has decreased significantly. However, since the 1990s, there has been an increase in milk-alkali syndrome mostly due to increase in calcium and vitamin D consumption in postmenopausal women for osteoporosis prevention.
Causes
With the introduction of histamine antagonists and decrease in antacid consumption since the 1970s, the incidence of milk-alkali syndrome has decreased significantly. However, since the 1990s, there has been an increase in milk-alkali syndrome mostly due to increase in calcium and vitamin D consumption in postmenopausal women for osteoporosis prevention.[1][2][3]
Currently, the main causes are:[4]
- Calcium carbonate consumption in:
- Postmenopausal women for osteoporosis prevention or treatment.
- Patients on glucocorticoid therapy:
- Chronic renal disease
- Betel nut chewers in the Far East (due to the lime paste (calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide) consumed during betel nut chewing).[5]
- There have been reports of milk-alkali syndrome in pregnant women.[6][7]
References
- ↑ Medarov BI (2009). "Milk-alkali syndrome". Mayo Clin Proc. 84 (3): 261–7. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61144-0. PMC 2664604. PMID 19252114.
- ↑ Arroyo M, Fenves AZ, Emmett M (2013). "The calcium-alkali syndrome". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 26 (2): 179–81. doi:10.1080/08998280.2013.11928954. PMC 3603742. PMID 23543983.
- ↑ Felsenfeld AJ, Levine BS (2006). "Milk alkali syndrome and the dynamics of calcium homeostasis". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 1 (4): 641–54. doi:10.2215/CJN.01451005. PMID 17699269.
- ↑ Beall DP, Henslee HB, Webb HR, Scofield RH (2006). "Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome". Am J Med Sci. 331 (5): 233–42. doi:10.1097/00000441-200605000-00001. PMID 16702792.
- ↑ Wu KD, Chuang RB, Wu FL, Hsu WA, Jan IS, Tsai KS (1996). "The milk-alkali syndrome caused by betelnuts in oyster shell paste". J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 34 (6): 741–5. doi:10.3109/15563659609013839. PMID 8941207.
- ↑ Ennen CS, Magann EF (2006). "Milk-alkali syndrome presenting as acute renal insufficiency during pregnancy". Obstet Gynecol. 108 (3 Pt 2): 785–6. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000204867.25582.e5. PMID 17018502.
- ↑ Picolos MK, Sims CR, Mastrobattista JM, Carroll MA, Lavis VR (2004). "Milk-alkali syndrome in pregnancy". Obstet Gynecol. 104 (5 Pt 2): 1201–4. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000128109.44291.e2. PMID 15516453.