Adrenal gland
You don't need to be Editor-In-Chief to add or edit content to WikiDoc. You can begin to add to or edit text on this WikiDoc page by clicking on the edit button at the top of this page. Next enter or edit the information that you would like to appear here. Once you are done editing, scroll down and click the Save page button at the bottom of the page.
| Adrenal gland | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Endocrine system | |
 | |
| Adrenal gland | |
| Latin | glandula suprarenalis |
| Gray's | subject #277 1278 |
| System | Endocrine |
| Artery | superior suprarenal artery, middle suprarenal artery, Inferior suprarenal artery |
| Vein | suprarenal veins |
| Nerve | celiac plexus, renal plexus |
| Lymph | lumbar glands |
| MeSH | Adrenal+Glands |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | g_06/12392729 |
|
WikiDoc Resources for Adrenal gland | |
|
Articles | |
|---|---|
|
Most recent articles on Adrenal gland Most cited articles on Adrenal gland | |
|
Media | |
|
Powerpoint slides on Adrenal gland | |
|
Evidence Based Medicine | |
|
Clinical Trials | |
|
Ongoing Trials on Adrenal gland at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Adrenal gland Clinical Trials on Adrenal gland at Google
| |
|
Guidelines / Policies / Govt | |
|
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Adrenal gland NICE Guidance on Adrenal gland
| |
|
Books | |
|
News | |
|
Commentary | |
|
Definitions | |
|
Patient Resources / Community | |
|
Patient resources on Adrenal gland Discussion groups on Adrenal gland Patient Handouts on Adrenal gland Directions to Hospitals Treating Adrenal gland Risk calculators and risk factors for Adrenal gland
| |
|
Healthcare Provider Resources | |
|
Causes & Risk Factors for Adrenal gland | |
|
Continuing Medical Education (CME) | |
|
International | |
|
| |
|
Business | |
|
Experimental / Informatics | |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753
Please Join in Editing This Page and Apply to be an Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [2] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, "near" or "at" + -renes, "kidneys"). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline.
Anatomy and function
Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in the thoracic abdomen situated atop the kidneys, specifically on their anterosuperior aspect. In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra and receive their blood supply from the adrenal arteries.
The adrenal gland is separated into two distinct structures, both of which receive regulatory input from the nervous system:
- Adrenal medulla
- As its name suggests, the adrenal medulla is the central core of the adrenal gland, surrounded by the adrenal cortex. The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the catecholamine hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These water-soluble hormones, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, are part of the fight-or-flight response initiated by the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal medulla can be considered specialized ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system, lacking distinct synapses, instead releasing secretions directly into the blood. It is also the main source of dopamine, a catecholamine closely related to adrenaline and noradrenaline.
- Adrenal cortex
- By contrast, the adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol. Some cells belong to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and are the source of cortisol synthesis. Other cortical cells produce androgens such as testosterone, while some regulate water and electrolyte concentrations by secreting aldosterone. In contrast to the direct innervation of the medulla, the cortex is regulated by neuroendocrine hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, as well as by the renin-angiotensin system.
Arteries and veins
Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland:
- The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenic
- The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aorta
- The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal artery
Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins:
- The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava
- The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein.
The suprarenal veins receive blood may form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins.
The adrenal glands and the thyroid gland are the organs that have the greatest blood supply per gram of tissue. Up to 60 arterioles may enter each adrenal gland.[1]
See also
References
Notes
- ↑ JE Skandalakis. Surgical Anatomy: The Embryologic And Anatomic Basis Of Modern Surgery (2004).
General references
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002219
- Virtual Slidebox at Univ. Iowa Slide 272
- Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292 - "Adrenal Gland"
- Histology at Boston University 14501loa
- SUNY Labs 40:03-0105 - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: The Retroperitoneal Fat and Suprarenal Glands"
- Adrenal Gland, from Colorado State University
- Cross section at UV pembody/body8a
Endocrine system > Adrenal glands | |
|---|---|
| Medulla | Chromaffin cells |
| Cortex | Zona glomerulosa • Zona fasciculata • Zona reticularis |
bg:Надбъбречна жлеза bs:Nadbubrežna žlijezda ca:Glàndula adrenal cs:Nadledvina da:Binyre de:Nebenniere dv:އެޑްރީނަލް ގްލޭންޑްeo:Surrena glandohr:Nadbubrežna žlijezda id:Kelenjar adrenal ia:Glandula adrenal it:Surrene he:בלוטת יותרת הכליה la:Glandula adrenalis lt:Antinkstis mk:Надбубрежна жлезда nl:Bijnierno:Binyresimple:Adrenal gland fi:Lisämunuainen sv:Binjure te:అధివృక్క గ్రంధి th:ต่อมหมวกไต
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
