Viral encephalitis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Encephalitis}}
{{Viral encephalitis}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editors-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com]; {{AG}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Encephalitis must be differentiated from other neurologic diseases such as [[brain abscess]], [[meningitis]], [[status epilepticus]], and [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]].


'''Encephalitis''' is an [[Acute (medical)|acute]] [[inflammation]] of the [[brain]], commonly caused by a [[virus|viral]] [[infection]]. Sometimes, encephalitis can result from a [[bacteria]]l infection, such as bacterial [[meningitis]], or it may be a complication of other infectious diseases like [[rabies]] (viral) or [[syphilis]] (bacterial). Certain [[parasitic]] or [[protozoa]]l infestations, such as [[toxoplasmosis]], [[malaria]], or [[primary amoebic meningoencephalitis]], can also cause encephalitis in people with [[immune deficiency|compromised]] [[immune system]]s. Brain damage occurs as the inflamed brain pushes against the skull, and can lead to death.
==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential diagnosis==


===Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Encephalitis===
===Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Encephalitis===
{|
|-style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2" |<small>Diseases</small>
! colspan="4" |<small>Diagnostic tests</small>
! colspan="5" |<small>Physical Examination</small>
! colspan="3" |<small>Symptoms
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |<small>Past medical history</small>
! rowspan="2" |<small>Other Findings</small>
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
!<small>Na+, K+, Ca2+</small>
!<small>CT /MRI</small>
!<small>CSF Findings</small>
!<small>Gold standard test</small>
!<small>Neck stiffness</small>
!<small>Motor or Sensory deficit</small>
!<small>Papilledema</small>
!<small>Bulging fontanelle</small>
!<small>Cranial nerves</small>
!<small>Headache</small>
!<small>Fever</small>
!<small>Altered mental status</small>
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | [[Brain tumour]]<ref name="pmid1278192">Soffer D (1976) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1278192 Brain tumors simulating purulent meningitis.] ''Eur Neurol'' 14 (3):192-7. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1278192 1278192]</ref><ref name="pmid3883130" />
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px text-align:center" |Cancer cells<ref name="pmid21371327">{{cite journal| author=Weston CL, Glantz MJ, Connor JR| title=Detection of cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid: current methods and future directions. | journal=Fluids Barriers CNS | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 14 | pmid=21371327 | doi=10.1186/2045-8118-8-14 | pmc=3059292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21371327  }}</ref>
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |MRI
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |     
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |      ✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cachexia]], gradual progression of symptoms
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Delirium tremens]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Clinical diagnosis
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |      ✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | ✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Alcohol]] intake, sudden witdrawl or reduction in consumption
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tachycardia]], [[diaphoresis]], [[hypertension]], [[tremors]], [[mydriasis]], [[positional nystagmus]],
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage|Subarachnoid  hemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid14585453">Yeh ST, Lee WJ, Lin HJ, Chen CY, Te AL, Lin HJ (2003) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14585453 Nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to tuberculous meningitis: report of two cases.] ''J Emerg Med'' 25 (3):265-70. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/14585453 14585453]</ref>
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Xanthochromia<ref name="pmid1198628">{{cite journal| author=Lee MC, Heaney LM, Jacobson RL, Klassen AC| title=Cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral hemorrhage and infarction. | journal=Stroke | year= 1975 | volume= 6 | issue= 6 | pages= 638-41 | pmid=1198628 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1198628  }}</ref>
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |CT scan  without contrast<ref name="pmid21694755">{{cite journal| author=Birenbaum D, Bancroft LW, Felsberg GJ| title=Imaging in acute stroke. | journal=West J Emerg Med | year= 2011 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 67-76 | pmid=21694755 | doi= | pmc=3088377 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21694755  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21807345">{{cite journal| author=DeLaPaz RL, Wippold FJ, Cornelius RS, Amin-Hanjani S, Angtuaco EJ, Broderick DF et al.| title=ACR Appropriateness Criteria® on cerebrovascular disease. | journal=J Am Coll Radiol | year= 2011 | volume= 8 | issue= 8 | pages= 532-8 | pmid=21807345 | doi=10.1016/j.jacr.2011.05.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21807345  }}</ref>
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |    ✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Trauma/fall
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]], [[dizziness]], [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea]], [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]]
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | [[Stroke]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"| Normal
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"| CT scan  without contrast
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|TIAs, [[hypertension]], [[diabetes mellitus]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center"|Speech difficulty, gait abnormality
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Neurosyphilis]]<ref name="pmid22482824">{{cite journal| author=Liu LL, Zheng WH, Tong ML, Liu GL, Zhang HL, Fu ZG et al.| title=Ischemic stroke as a primary symptom of neurosyphilis among HIV-negative emergency patients. | journal=J Neurol Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 317 | issue= 1-2 | pages= 35-9 | pmid=22482824 | doi=10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22482824  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24365430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berger JR, Dean D |title=Neurosyphilis |journal=Handb Clin Neurol |volume=121 |issue= |pages=1461–72 |year=2014 |pmid=24365430 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00098-5 |url=}}</ref>
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''↑''' [[Leukocytes]] and [[protein]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |CSF [[VDRL]]-specifc
CSF FTA-Ab -sensitive<ref name="pmid22421697">{{cite journal| author=Ho EL, Marra CM| title=Treponemal tests for neurosyphilis--less accurate than what we thought? | journal=Sex Transm Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 39 | issue= 4 | pages= 298-9 | pmid=22421697 | doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824ee574 | pmc=3746559 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22421697  }}</ref>
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Unprotected sexual intercourse, [[STI]]<nowiki/>s
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blindness]], [[confusion]], [[depression]],
Abnormal [[gait]]
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Viral encephalitis]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Increased [[RBC]]S or xanthochromia, [[Mononuclear cells|mononuclear]] [[lymphocytosis]], high protein content, normal [[glucose]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Clinical assesment
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |    ✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Tick bite/mosquito bite/ viral prodome for several days
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Extreme lethargy, rash [[hepatosplenomegaly]], [[lymphadenopathy]], [[behavioural]] changes
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Herpes simplex encephalitis]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Clinical assesment
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |History of [[hypertension]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Delirium]], cortical [[blindness]], [[cerebral edema]], [[seizure]]
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Wernicke’s encephalopathy
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |History of alcohal abuse
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ophthalmoplegia]], [[confusion]]
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[CNS abscess]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''↑''' [[leukocytes]] >100,000/ul, '''↓''' [[glucose]] and '''↑''' protien, '''↑''' red blood cells, [[lactic acid]] >500mg
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Contrast enhanced MRI is more sensitive and specific,
[[Histopathological]] examination of brain tissue
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |History of [[drug abuse]], [[endocarditis]], '''↓''' [[immune]] status
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |High grade [[fever]], [[fatigue]],[[Nausea and vomiting|nausea]], [[vomiting]]
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Drug toxicity]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lithium]], Sedatives, [[phenytoin]], [[carbamazepine]]
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Conversion disorder]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Diagnosis of exclusion
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | ✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tremor|Tremors]], [[blindness]], difficulty [[swallowing]]
|-
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Electrolyte disturbance]]
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |'''↓''' or '''↑'''
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Depends on the cause
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Confusion]], [[Seizure|seizures]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Febrile convulsion]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Not performed in first simple febrile [[seizures]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Clinical diagnosis and EEG
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |  ✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Family history of [[febrile]] [[seizures]], [[viral]] illness or [[gastroenteritis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Age > 1 month,
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Subdural empyema]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Clinical assesment and [[MRI]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |History of relapses and remissions
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Blurry vision, [[urinary incontinence]], [[fatigue]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoglycemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |↓ or '''↑'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Serum blood [[Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase|glucose]]
[[HbA1c]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;text-align:center" |
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |History of [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]]
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==References==
==References==
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{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Disease]]
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[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
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Latest revision as of 00:40, 30 July 2020

Viral encephalitis Microchapters

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Historical Perspective

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Differentiating Viral Encephalitis from Other Diseases

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [2]; Anthony Gallo, B.S. [3]

Overview

Encephalitis must be differentiated from other neurologic diseases such as brain abscess, meningitis, status epilepticus, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Differential Diagnosis

Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Encephalitis

Diseases Diagnostic tests Physical Examination Symptoms Past medical history Other Findings
Na+, K+, Ca2+ CT /MRI CSF Findings Gold standard test Neck stiffness Motor or Sensory deficit Papilledema Bulging fontanelle Cranial nerves Headache Fever Altered mental status
Brain tumour[1][2] ✔ Cancer cells[3] MRI ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Cachexia, gradual progression of symptoms
Delirium tremens ✔ Clinical diagnosis ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Alcohol intake, sudden witdrawl or reduction in consumption Tachycardia, diaphoresis, hypertension, tremors, mydriasis, positional nystagmus,
Subarachnoid hemorrhage[4] ✔ Xanthochromia[5] CT scan without contrast[6][7] ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Trauma/fall Confusion, dizziness, nausea, vomiting
Stroke ✔ Normal CT scan without contrast ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ TIAs, hypertension, diabetes mellitus Speech difficulty, gait abnormality
Neurosyphilis[8][9] ✔ ↑ Leukocytes and protein CSF VDRL-specifc

CSF FTA-Ab -sensitive[10]

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Unprotected sexual intercourse, STIs Blindness, confusion, depression,

Abnormal gait

Viral encephalitis ✔ Increased RBCS or xanthochromia, mononuclear lymphocytosis, high protein content, normal glucose Clinical assesment ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Tick bite/mosquito bite/ viral prodome for several days Extreme lethargy, rash hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, behavioural changes
Herpes simplex encephalitis ✔ Clinical assesment ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ History of hypertension Delirium, cortical blindness, cerebral edema, seizure
Wernicke’s encephalopathy Normal ✔ ✔ ✔ History of alcohal abuse Ophthalmoplegia, confusion
CNS abscess ✔ ↑ leukocytes >100,000/ul, ↓ glucose and ↑ protien, ↑ red blood cells, lactic acid >500mg Contrast enhanced MRI is more sensitive and specific,

Histopathological examination of brain tissue

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ History of drug abuse, endocarditis, ↓ immune status High grade fever, fatigue,nausea, vomiting
Drug toxicity ✔ ✔ Lithium, Sedatives, phenytoin, carbamazepine
Conversion disorder Diagnosis of exclusion ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Tremors, blindness, difficulty swallowing
Electrolyte disturbance ↓ or ↑ Depends on the cause ✔ ✔ Confusion, seizures
Febrile convulsion Not performed in first simple febrile seizures Clinical diagnosis and EEG ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Family history of febrile seizures, viral illness or gastroenteritis Age > 1 month,
Subdural empyema ✔ Clinical assesment and MRI ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ History of relapses and remissions Blurry vision, urinary incontinence, fatigue
Hypoglycemia ↓ or ↑ Serum blood glucose

HbA1c

✔ ✔ ✔ History of diabetes Palpitations, sweating, dizziness, low serum, glucose



(By organ system)

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Herpes Simplex, Cat Scratch Disease, Leptospirosis, Tick-borne diseases, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Toxoplasmosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic Brain Abscess, Herpes Simplex Encephalitis, Meningitis, Status epilepticus, Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Nutritional / Metabolic Hypoglycemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

References

  1. ↑ Soffer D (1976) Brain tumors simulating purulent meningitis. Eur Neurol 14 (3):192-7. PMID: 1278192
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ Weston CL, Glantz MJ, Connor JR (2011). "Detection of cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid: current methods and future directions". Fluids Barriers CNS. 8 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/2045-8118-8-14. PMC 3059292. PMID 21371327.
  4. ↑ Yeh ST, Lee WJ, Lin HJ, Chen CY, Te AL, Lin HJ (2003) Nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to tuberculous meningitis: report of two cases. J Emerg Med 25 (3):265-70. PMID: 14585453
  5. ↑ Lee MC, Heaney LM, Jacobson RL, Klassen AC (1975). "Cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral hemorrhage and infarction". Stroke. 6 (6): 638–41. PMID 1198628.
  6. ↑ Birenbaum D, Bancroft LW, Felsberg GJ (2011). "Imaging in acute stroke". West J Emerg Med. 12 (1): 67–76. PMC 3088377. PMID 21694755.
  7. ↑ DeLaPaz RL, Wippold FJ, Cornelius RS, Amin-Hanjani S, Angtuaco EJ, Broderick DF; et al. (2011). "ACR Appropriateness Criteria® on cerebrovascular disease". J Am Coll Radiol. 8 (8): 532–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2011.05.010. PMID 21807345.
  8. ↑ Liu LL, Zheng WH, Tong ML, Liu GL, Zhang HL, Fu ZG; et al. (2012). "Ischemic stroke as a primary symptom of neurosyphilis among HIV-negative emergency patients". J Neurol Sci. 317 (1–2): 35–9. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.003. PMID 22482824.
  9. ↑ Berger JR, Dean D (2014). "Neurosyphilis". Handb Clin Neurol. 121: 1461–72. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00098-5. PMID 24365430.
  10. ↑ Ho EL, Marra CM (2012). "Treponemal tests for neurosyphilis--less accurate than what we thought?". Sex Transm Dis. 39 (4): 298–9. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824ee574. PMC 3746559. PMID 22421697.

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