Tuberculosis overview: Difference between revisions
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The rise in HIV infections and the neglect of TB control programs have enabled a resurgence of tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Iademarco MF, Castro KG |title=Epidemiology of tuberculosis |journal=Seminars in respiratory infections |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=225-40 |year=2003 |pmid=14679472}}</ref> The emergence of [[Antibiotic resistance|drug-resistant]] strains has also contributed to this new epidemic with, from 2000 to 2004, 20% of TB cases being resistant to standard treatments and 2% resistant to [[Tuberculosis treatment#Treatment of MDR-TB|second-line drugs]].<ref name="MMWR2006">{{cite journal |title=Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs—worldwide, 2000–2004 |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=301-5 |year=2006 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5511a2.htm | pmid = 16557213}}</ref> TB incidence varies widely, even in neighboring countries, apparently because of differences in health care systems.<ref name=Sobero_2006>{{cite journal |author=Sobero R, Peabody J |title=Tuberculosis control in Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Peru: why does incidence vary so much between neighbors? |journal=Int J Tuberc Lung Dis |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1292–5 |year=2006 | pmid = 17131791}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] declared TB a global health emergency in 1993, and the [[Stop TB Partnership]] developed a [[Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis]] aiming to save 14 million lives between 2006 and 2015.<ref>[[World Health Organization]] (WHO). [http://www.stoptb.org/globalplan/ Stop TB Partnership.] Retrieved on 3 October 2006.</ref> | The rise in HIV infections and the neglect of TB control programs have enabled a resurgence of tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Iademarco MF, Castro KG |title=Epidemiology of tuberculosis |journal=Seminars in respiratory infections |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=225-40 |year=2003 |pmid=14679472}}</ref> The emergence of [[Antibiotic resistance|drug-resistant]] strains has also contributed to this new epidemic with, from 2000 to 2004, 20% of TB cases being resistant to standard treatments and 2% resistant to [[Tuberculosis treatment#Treatment of MDR-TB|second-line drugs]].<ref name="MMWR2006">{{cite journal |title=Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs—worldwide, 2000–2004 |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=301-5 |year=2006 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5511a2.htm | pmid = 16557213}}</ref> TB incidence varies widely, even in neighboring countries, apparently because of differences in health care systems.<ref name=Sobero_2006>{{cite journal |author=Sobero R, Peabody J |title=Tuberculosis control in Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Peru: why does incidence vary so much between neighbors? |journal=Int J Tuberc Lung Dis |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1292–5 |year=2006 | pmid = 17131791}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] declared TB a global health emergency in 1993, and the [[Stop TB Partnership]] developed a [[Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis]] aiming to save 14 million lives between 2006 and 2015.<ref>[[World Health Organization]] (WHO). [http://www.stoptb.org/globalplan/ Stop TB Partnership.] Retrieved on 3 October 2006.</ref> | ||
In the past, tuberculosis was called | In the past, tuberculosis was called ''consumption'', because it seemed to consume people from within, with a [[hemoptysis|bloody cough]], fever, [[pallor]], and long relentless wasting. Other names included ''phthisis'' (Greek for consumption) and ''phthisis pulmonalis''; '''[[scrofula]]''' (in adults), affecting the lymphatic system and resulting in swollen neck glands; ''tabes mesenterica'', TB of the abdomen and '''[[lupus vulgaris]]''', TB of the skin; ''wasting disease''; ''white plague'', because sufferers appear markedly pale; ''king's evil'', because it was believed that a king's touch would heal scrofula; and ''[[Pott's disease]]'', or ''gibbus'' of the spine and joints.<ref name=Britannica1911>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Tuberculosis Tuberculosis] ''Encyclopedia Britannica,'' 11th ed.</ref><ref>[http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/English/English.htm Rudy's List of Archaic Medical Terms] English Glossary of Archaic Medical Terms, Diseases and Causes of Death. Accessed 09 Oct 06</ref> [[Miliary tuberculosis]] – now commonly known as ''disseminated TB''– occurs when the infection invades the circulatory system resulting in lesions which have the appearance of millet seeds on X-ray.<ref name=Britannica1911/><ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000624.htm Disseminated tuberculosis] NIH Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed 09 Oct 06</ref> | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis most commonly attacks the lungs (as pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, bones, joints and even the skin. Other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canetti, and Mycobacterium microti can also cause tuberculosis, but these species do not usually infect healthy adults.[1]
Over one-third of the world's population has been exposed to the TB bacterium, and new infections occur at a rate of one per second.[2] Not everyone infected develops the full-blown disease; asymptomatic, latent TB infection is most common. However, one in ten latent infections will progress to active TB disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than half of its victims.
In 2004, mortality and morbidity statistics included 14.6 million chronic active TB cases, 8.9 million new cases, and 1.6 million deaths, mostly in developing countries.[2] In addition, a rising number of people in the developed world are contracting tuberculosis because their immune systems are compromised by immunosuppressive drugs, substance abuse, or HIV/AIDS.
The rise in HIV infections and the neglect of TB control programs have enabled a resurgence of tuberculosis.[3] The emergence of drug-resistant strains has also contributed to this new epidemic with, from 2000 to 2004, 20% of TB cases being resistant to standard treatments and 2% resistant to second-line drugs.[4] TB incidence varies widely, even in neighboring countries, apparently because of differences in health care systems.[5] The World Health Organization declared TB a global health emergency in 1993, and the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis aiming to save 14 million lives between 2006 and 2015.[6]
In the past, tuberculosis was called consumption, because it seemed to consume people from within, with a bloody cough, fever, pallor, and long relentless wasting. Other names included phthisis (Greek for consumption) and phthisis pulmonalis; scrofula (in adults), affecting the lymphatic system and resulting in swollen neck glands; tabes mesenterica, TB of the abdomen and lupus vulgaris, TB of the skin; wasting disease; white plague, because sufferers appear markedly pale; king's evil, because it was believed that a king's touch would heal scrofula; and Pott's disease, or gibbus of the spine and joints.[7][8] Miliary tuberculosis – now commonly known as disseminated TB– occurs when the infection invades the circulatory system resulting in lesions which have the appearance of millet seeds on X-ray.[7][9]
Historical Perspective
Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is in the remains of bison dated 18,000 years before the present.[10] However, whether tuberculosis originated in cattle and then transferred to humans, or diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear.[11]
References
- ↑ Raviglione MC, O'Brien RJ (2004). "Tuberculosis". In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Isselbacher KJ, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed. ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 953–66. doi:10.1036/0071402357. ISBN 0071402357.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 World Health Organization (WHO). Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104 - Global and regional incidence. March 2006, Retrieved on 6 October 2006.
- ↑ Iademarco MF, Castro KG (2003). "Epidemiology of tuberculosis". Seminars in respiratory infections. 18 (4): 225–40. PMID 14679472.
- ↑ "Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs—worldwide, 2000–2004". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 55 (11): 301–5. 2006. PMID 16557213.
- ↑ Sobero R, Peabody J (2006). "Tuberculosis control in Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Peru: why does incidence vary so much between neighbors?". Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 10 (11): 1292–5. PMID 17131791.
- ↑ World Health Organization (WHO). Stop TB Partnership. Retrieved on 3 October 2006.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Tuberculosis Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed.
- ↑ Rudy's List of Archaic Medical Terms English Glossary of Archaic Medical Terms, Diseases and Causes of Death. Accessed 09 Oct 06
- ↑ Disseminated tuberculosis NIH Medical Encyclopedia. Accessed 09 Oct 06
- ↑ Rothschild B, Martin L, Lev G, Bercovier H, Bar-Gal G, Greenblatt C, Donoghue H, Spigelman M, Brittain D (2001). "Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present". Clin Infect Dis. 33 (3): 305–11. PMID 11438894.
- ↑ Pearce-Duvet J (2006). "The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 81 (3): 369–82. PMID 16672105.