Tracheitis physical examination: Difference between revisions
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==Physical Examination== | ==Physical Examination== | ||
Physical examination of patients with [[tracheitis]] is usually remarkable for [[stridor]], [[tracheal]] [[tenderness]], and [[intercostal]] retractions. <ref name="StroudFriedman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Stroud|first1=Robert H.|last2=Friedman|first2=Norman R.|title=An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: Epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis|journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology|volume=22|issue=4|year=2001|pages=268–275|issn=01960709|doi=10.1053/ajot.2001.24825 | Physical examination of patients with [[tracheitis]] is usually remarkable for [[stridor]], [[tracheal]] [[tenderness]], and [[intercostal]] retractions. <ref name="StroudFriedman2001">{{cite journal|last1=Stroud|first1=Robert H.|last2=Friedman|first2=Norman R.|title=An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: Epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis|journal=American Journal of Otolaryngology|volume=22|issue=4|year=2001|pages=268–275|issn=01960709|doi=10.1053/ajot.2001.24825}}</ref> | ||
===Physical Examination=== | ===Physical Examination=== | ||
Coarse [[crackles]] can be heard on auscultation of the [[chest]], signifying underlying [[pneumonia]]. | Coarse [[crackles]] can be heard on auscultation of the [[chest]], signifying underlying [[pneumonia]]. <ref name="CasazzaGraham2018">{{cite journal|last1=Casazza|first1=Geoffrey|last2=Graham|first2=M. Elise|last3=Nelson|first3=Douglas|last4=Chaulk|first4=David|last5=Sandweiss|first5=David|last6=Meier|first6=Jeremy|title=Pediatric Bacterial Tracheitis—A Variable Entity: Case Series with Literature Review|journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery|volume=160|issue=3|year=2018|pages=546–549|issn=0194-5998|doi=10.1177/0194599818808774}}</ref> | ||
===Appearance of the Patient=== | ===Appearance of the Patient=== | ||
Revision as of 06:55, 3 May 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dushka Riaz, MD
Overview
Patients with tracheitis usually appear toxic, lethargic and in respiratory distress. They may be aggressive due to hypoxia and hypercarbia. Physical examination of patients with tracheitis is usually remarkable for tachycardia, tachypnea, and stridor. [1]
Physical Examination
Physical examination of patients with tracheitis is usually remarkable for stridor, tracheal tenderness, and intercostal retractions. [2]
Physical Examination
Coarse crackles can be heard on auscultation of the chest, signifying underlying pneumonia. [3]
Appearance of the Patient
- Patients with bacterial tracheitis may appear toxic, lethargic and in respiratory distress.
Vital Signs
Skin
- Cyanosis in impending respiratory distress
HEENT
- Inflamed nares / congested nares
- Purulent exudate from the nares
- Erythematous throat
- Mild drooling
Neck
- Lymphadenopathy may be present
- Tracheal tenderness on palpation
Lungs
- Stridor (Inspiratory or Biphasic)
- Decreased chest expansion
- Coarse crackles upon auscultation of the lungs bilaterally
- Egophony present when pneumonia develops as a complication
- Bronchophony present when pneumonia develops as a complication
Heart
- Rapid heart rate can be heard on auscultation
Abdomen
- Abdominal examination of patients with tracheitis is usually normal.
Back
- Back examination of patients with tracheitis is usually normal.
Genitourinary
- Genitourinary examination of patients with tracheitis is usually normal.
Neuromuscular
- Neuromuscular examination of patients with tracheitis is usually normal
- Altered mental status/ acute confusion may be present in hypoxemic individuals
Extremities
- Cyanosis can be seen in hypoxemia.
Reference
- ↑ "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 29262085.
- ↑ Stroud, Robert H.; Friedman, Norman R. (2001). "An update on inflammatory disorders of the pediatric airway: Epiglottitis, croup, and tracheitis". American Journal of Otolaryngology. 22 (4): 268–275. doi:10.1053/ajot.2001.24825. ISSN 0196-0709.
- ↑ Casazza, Geoffrey; Graham, M. Elise; Nelson, Douglas; Chaulk, David; Sandweiss, David; Meier, Jeremy (2018). "Pediatric Bacterial Tracheitis—A Variable Entity: Case Series with Literature Review". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 160 (3): 546–549. doi:10.1177/0194599818808774. ISSN 0194-5998.