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{{Seizure}}
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{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SHA}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
In 2017, the [[International League Against Epilepsy]] (ILAE) classified [[seizure]] by its onsets as focal (aware/impaired awareness, motor, nonmotor, focal to tonic-clonic seizures), generalized (motor, nonmotor), and unknown (motor, nonmotor, and unclassified). In 1981, the [[International League Against Epilepsy]] (ILAE) classified epileptic [[seizures]] as [[Focal seizures|partial seizures]] ([[simple partial seizure]]s, [[complex partial seizure]]s, and [[partial seizures]] evolving to secondarily [[generalized seizures]]), [[Generalised epilepsy|generalized seizures]] ([[absence seizure]]s, [[myoclonic seizure]]s, [[clonic seizure]]s, [[Tonic |tonic]] seizures, [[tonic-clonic seizure]]s (grand mal), and [[atonic seizure]]s), and unclassified [[epileptic seizures]].
==Classification==
==Classification==
There are many types of seizures. These can be classified into two broad groups:
'''In 2017, the [[International League Against Epilepsy]] (ILAE) classified seizures by their onsets as:'''<ref name="FisherCross2017">{{cite journal|last1=Fisher|first1=Robert S.|last2=Cross|first2=J. Helen|last3=D'Souza|first3=Carol|last4=French|first4=Jacqueline A.|last5=Haut|first5=Sheryl R.|last6=Higurashi|first6=Norimichi|last7=Hirsch|first7=Edouard|last8=Jansen|first8=Floor E.|last9=Lagae|first9=Lieven|last10=Moshé|first10=Solomon L.|last11=Peltola|first11=Jukka|last12=Roulet Perez|first12=Eliane|last13=Scheffer|first13=Ingrid E.|last14=Schulze-Bonhage|first14=Andreas|last15=Somerville|first15=Ernest|last16=Sperling|first16=Michael|last17=Yacubian|first17=Elza Márcia|last18=Zuberi|first18=Sameer M.|title=Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types|journal=Epilepsia|volume=58|issue=4|year=2017|pages=531–542|issn=00139580|doi=10.1111/epi.13671}}</ref><ref name="pmid26033084">{{cite journal| author=Stafstrom CE, Carmant L| title=Seizures and epilepsy: an overview for neuroscientists. | journal=Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med | year= 2015 | volume= 5 | issue= 6 | pages=  | pmid=26033084 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a022426 | pmc=4448698 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26033084  }} </ref>
* Primary generalized seizures—seizures begin with widespread involvement of both sides of the brain. Generalized seizures are divided according to the effect on the body, but all involve loss of consciousness. These include absence, myoclonic, clonic, tonic, tonic–clonic, and atonic seizures.
*Focal (aware/impaired awareness)
* Partial seizures—seizures begin with involvement of a smaller, localized area of the brain. With some partial seizures, the disturbance can still spread within seconds or minutes to involve widespread areas of the brain (secondary generalized seizure). Partial seizures are further divided on the extent to which consciousness is affected (simple partial seizures means consciousness unaffected, and complex partial seizures means consciousness is affected).
** Motor
*** [[Automatisms]]
*** [[Atonic]]
*** [[Clonic]]
*** [[Epileptic]] [[spasm]]
*** [[Hyperkinetic]]
*** [[Myoclonic]]
*** [[Tonic]]
** Nonmotor
*** [[Autonomic]]
*** [[Behavior]] arrest
*** [[Cognitive]]
*** [[Emotional]]
*** [[Sensory]]
** Focal to [[bilateral]] [[tonic-clonic]] seizures
* Generalized
** Motor
*** [[Tonic-clonic]]
*** [[Clonic]]
*** [[Tonic]]
*** [[Myoclonic]]
*** [[Myoclonic-tonic-clonic]]
*** [[Myoclonic-atonic]]
*** [[Atonia]]
*** [[Epileptic]] [[spasm]]
** Nonmotor (absence)
*** Typical
*** Atypical
*** [[Myoclonic]]
*** [[Eyelid]] [[myoclonia]]
*Unknown
** Motor
*** [[Tonic-clonic]]
*** [[Epileptic]] [[Spasm]]
** Nonmotor
*** [[Behavior]] arrest
** Unclassified
 
'''In 1981, the [[International League Against Epilepsy]] (ILAE) classified [[epileptic seizure]]s as:'''<ref name="pmid26033084">{{cite journal| author=Stafstrom CE, Carmant L| title=Seizures and epilepsy: an overview for neuroscientists. | journal=Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med | year= 2015 | volume= 5 | issue= 6 | pages=  | pmid=26033084 | doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a022426 | pmc=4448698 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26033084  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6790275">{{cite journal| author=| title=Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. | journal=Epilepsia | year= 1981 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 489-501 | pmid=6790275 | doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1981.tb06159.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6790275  }} </ref>
* [[Focal seizures|Partial seizures]] (focal, local)
** [[Simple partial seizure]]s - [[consciousness]] is not impaired
** [[Complex partial seizure]]s - [[consciousness]] is impaired ([[temporal lobe]] or [[psychomotor]] seizures)
** [[Partial seizures]] evolving to secondarily [[generalized seizures]]
* [[Generalised epilepsy|Generalized seizures]] - initial involvement of both [[hemispheres]], [[consciousness]] may be impaired
** [[Absence seizure]]s
** [[Myoclonic seizure]]s
** [[Clonic seizure]]s
** [[Tonic |Tonic]] seizures
** [[Tonic-clonic seizure]]s ([[Grand mal]])
** [[Atonic seizure]]s
* Unclassified [[epileptic seizures]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
[[Category:Neurology]]
{{WS}}
[[Category:Epilepsy]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Disease]]

Latest revision as of 14:12, 12 April 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]

Overview

In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classified seizure by its onsets as focal (aware/impaired awareness, motor, nonmotor, focal to tonic-clonic seizures), generalized (motor, nonmotor), and unknown (motor, nonmotor, and unclassified). In 1981, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classified epileptic seizures as partial seizures (simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures, and partial seizures evolving to secondarily generalized seizures), generalized seizures (absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, clonic seizures, tonic seizures, tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal), and atonic seizures), and unclassified epileptic seizures.

Classification

In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classified seizures by their onsets as:[1][2]

In 1981, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classified epileptic seizures as:[2][3]

References

  1. ↑ Fisher, Robert S.; Cross, J. Helen; D'Souza, Carol; French, Jacqueline A.; Haut, Sheryl R.; Higurashi, Norimichi; Hirsch, Edouard; Jansen, Floor E.; Lagae, Lieven; Moshé, Solomon L.; Peltola, Jukka; Roulet Perez, Eliane; Scheffer, Ingrid E.; Schulze-Bonhage, Andreas; Somerville, Ernest; Sperling, Michael; Yacubian, Elza Márcia; Zuberi, Sameer M. (2017). "Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types". Epilepsia. 58 (4): 531–542. doi:10.1111/epi.13671. ISSN 0013-9580.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Stafstrom CE, Carmant L (2015). "Seizures and epilepsy: an overview for neuroscientists". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 5 (6). doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a022426. PMC 4448698. PMID 26033084.
  3. ↑ "Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy". Epilepsia. 22 (4): 489–501. 1981. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1981.tb06159.x. PMID 6790275.
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