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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
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| ==Stroke in Alphabetical Order==
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| {{col-begin|width=80%}}
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Adenosine deaminase deficiency]]
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| *[[Air embolism]]
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| *[[familial dysfibrinogenemia|Ales dysfibrinogenemia]]
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| *[[amphetamine|Amphetamine abuse]]
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| *[[Amyloid angiopathy]]
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| *[[Amyloidosis]]
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| *[[Aneurysm ]]
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| *[[angioma|Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous]]
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| *[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
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| *[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]
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| *[[Arteriosclerosis obliterans]]
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| *[[Arteritis]]
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| *[[Atheroma]]
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| *[[Atherosclerosis]]
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| *[[Atrial fibrillation]]
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| *[[Atrial myxoma]]
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| *Atrial septal aneurysm
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| *[[Atrial septal defect]]
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| *[[Autonomic dysreflexia]]
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| *[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
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| *[[Bacterial endocarditis ]]
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| *[[Behcet's disease]]
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| *[[Bing-Neel syndrome]]
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| *[[Binswanger's disease]]
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| *[[Bioprosthetic valves]]
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| *[[Bleeding disorders]]
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| *[[CADASIL]]<ref name="pmid8878478">{{cite journal| author=Joutel A, Corpechot C, Ducros A, Vahedi K, Chabriat H, Mouton P et al.| title=Notch3 mutations in CADASIL, a hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and dementia. | journal=Nature | year= 1996 | volume= 383 | issue= 6602 | pages= 707-10 | pmid=8878478 | doi=10.1038/383707a0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8878478 }} </ref>
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| *CARASIL<ref name="pmid21215656">{{cite journal| author=Fukutake T| title=Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): from discovery to gene identification. | journal=J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 20 | issue= 2 | pages= 85-93 | pmid=21215656 | doi=10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.11.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21215656 }} </ref>
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| *[[Cardiac arrest]]
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| *[[Carotid artery dissection]]
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| *[[Carotid artery stenosis]]
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| *[[Cerebral hemorrhage]]
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| *[[adult brain tumors|Cerebral ventricle neoplasm]]
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| *[[cocaine|Cocaine overdose]]
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| *[[Congenital heart disease]]
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| *[[Congestive heart failure]]
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| *[[adenoma|Conn's adenoma]]
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| *[[Conn's syndrome]]
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| *[[adrenocortical carcinoma|Conn-Louis carcinoma]]
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| *[[Conversion disorder]]
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| *[[Coronary angiography]]
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| *[[coronary artery bypass surgery|Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery]]
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| *[[Crack addiction ]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Crystal meth addiction]]
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| *[[Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency]]
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| *[[Decompression sickness]]
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| *[[diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus type I]]
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| *[[Diabetes mellitus type II]]
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| *[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
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| *[[Dissecting aortic aneurysm]]
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| *[[Dissection]]
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| *[[Dysbarism]]
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| *[[Eclampsia]]
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| *[[Ecstasy overdose]]
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| *[[Embolism]]
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| *[[Endocarditis]]
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| *[[Endomyocardial fibrosis]]
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| *[[Essential thrombocytosis]]
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| *[[Fabry's disease]]
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| *[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]
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| *[[Familial hemiplegic migraine]]
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| *[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]
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| *[[Fibromuscular dysplasia]]
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| *[[Giant cell arteritis]]
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| *[[Hemophilia A]]
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| *[[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]]
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| *[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]]
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| *HERNS syndrome<ref name="JenCohen1997">{{cite journal|last1=Jen|first1=J.|last2=Cohen|first2=A. H.|last3=Yue|first3=Q.|last4=Stout|first4=J. T.|last5=Vinters|first5=H. V.|last6=Nelson|first6=S.|last7=Baloh|first7=R. W.|title=Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy, and stroke(HERNS)|journal=Neurology|volume=49|issue=5|year=1997|pages=1322–1330|issn=0028-3878|doi=10.1212/WNL.49.5.1322}}</ref><ref name="pmid15856153">{{cite journal| author=Seifried C, Sitzer M, Jen J, Auburger G| title=[HERNS. A rare, hereditary, multisystemic disease with cerebral microangiopathy]. | journal=Nervenarzt | year= 2005 | volume= 76 | issue= 10 | pages= 1191-2, 1194-5 | pmid=15856153 | doi=10.1007/s00115-005-1910-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15856153 }} </ref>
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| *[[HIV]]
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| *[[Homocystinuria]]
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| *[[Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome]]
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| *[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
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| *[[Hyperlipoproteinemia ]]
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| *[[Hypertension ]]
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| *[[Hypoxemia]]
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| *[[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]]
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| *[[drug use|Illicit drug use]]
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| *[[Infective endocarditis]]
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| *Internal carotid agenesis
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| *[[intracranial aneurysms|Internal carotid artery aneurysm]]
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| *[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]]
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| *[[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|Intracranial arteriovenous malformation]]
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| *[[Intracranial berry aneurysm]]
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| *[[Intracranial hemorrhage]]
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| *[[Ischemia]]
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| *[[Lacunar infarcts]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Lacunar stroke]]
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| *[[Left atrial myxoma]]
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| *[[thrombus|Left atrial thrombus]]
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| *[[Left ventricular aneurysm]]
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| *[[Left ventricular thrombus]]
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| *[[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]]
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| *Lipohyalinosis
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| *[[lipoprotein disorders classification|Lipoproteinemia]]
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| *[[Lupus]]
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| *[[Malignant hypertension ]]
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| *[[Marantic endocarditis ]]
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| *[[Mechanical heart valves]]
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| *[[MELAS]]
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| *[[Menkes disease]]
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| *[[Methamphetamine overdose]]
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| *[[Methylmalonic acidemia]]
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| *[[Methylmalonic aciduria ]]
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| *[[Migraine ]]
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| *[[Mitochondrial diseases ]]
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| *[[Mitral annular calcification]]
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| *[[Mitral valve prolapse ]]
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| *[[Moyamoya disease ]]
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| *[[Multi-infarct dementia]]
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| *[[Myocardial infarction ]]
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| *[[Narcotic addiction]]
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| *[[Neurosyphilis]]
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| *[[Osteopetrosis ]]
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| *[[Papillary fibroelastoma]]
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| *[[Patent foramen ovale]]
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| *[[Pericardial effusion]]
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| *[[Polycythemia vera ]]
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| *[[Posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]]
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| *[[Pre-eclampsia ]]
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| *[[Premature aging ]]
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| *[[vasculitis|Primary angiitis]]
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| *[[Progeria ]]
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| *[[Protein C deficiency]]
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| *[[Protein S deficiency]]
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| *[[Pulmonary arterio-venous malformation]]
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| *[[Pulmonary embolism]]
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| *[[Rheumatic heart disease]]
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| *[[Rheumatoid vasculitis]]
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| *[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| *[[Sickle cell anemia]]
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| *[[Sickle cell disease]]
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| *[[Sleep apnea ]]
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| *[[Sneddon-Champion syndrome ]]
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| *[[Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia]]
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| *[[Sturge-Weber syndrome]]
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| *[[Subarachnoid haemorrhage]]
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| *[[Substance abuse]]
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| *[[atrial flutter|Sustained atrial flutter]]
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| *[[Syphilis]]
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| *[[Systemic hypertension]]
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| *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
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| *[[Takayasu arteritis]]
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| *[[essential thrombocytosis|Thrombocythemia]]
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| *[[Thromboembolism]]
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| *[[Thrombosis]]
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| *[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
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| *[[Transient ischemic attack]]
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| *[[Trauma]]
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| *[[Vascular dementia]]
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| *[[cerebral arteriovenous malformation|Vascular malformations]]
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| *[[Vasculitis]]
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| *[[Vasoconstriction]]
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| *[[Velocardiofacial syndrome]]
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| *[[Ventricular aneurysm]]
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| *[[Vertebral artery dissection]]
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| *[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
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| *[[Werner syndrome]]
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| *[[Wolfram syndrome]]
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| {{col-end}}
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==Causes of Stroke==
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| ===Ischemic Stroke===
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| ====Thrombotic Stroke====
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| Thrombotic stroke can be divided into two types depending on the type of vessel the thrombus is formed on:
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| * '''Large vessel disease''' involves the common and [[internal carotid artery|internal carotids]], [[vertebral artery|vertebral]], and the [[Circle of Willis]]. Diseases that may form thrombi in the large vessels include (in descending incidence):
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| ** [[Arteritis]]/[[vasculitis]]
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| ** [[Atherosclerosis]]
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| ** [[Aortic dissection|Dissection]]
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| ** [[Fibromuscular dysplasia]]
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| ** [[Giant cell arteritis]]
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| ** [[Moyamoya syndrome]]
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| ** Noninflammatory vasculopathy
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| ** [[Takayasu arteritis]]
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| ** [[Vasoconstriction]]
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| * '''Small vessel disease''' involves the intracerebral arteries, branches of the Circle of Willis, [[middle cerebral artery]], stem, and arteries arising from the distal vertebral and [[basilar artery]]. Diseases that may form thrombi in the small vessels include (in descending incidence):
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| ** Lipohyalinosis (lipid hyaline build-up secondary to hypertension and aging) and fibrinoid degeneration (stroke involving these vessels are known as lacunar infarcts)
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| ** Microatheromas from larger arteries that extend into the smaller arteries (atheromatous branch disease)
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| ====Embolic Stroke====
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| =====High Risk Cardiac Causes<ref name="ay">{{cite journal | author= Ay H; Furie KL; Singhal A; Smith WS; Sorensen AG; Koroshetz WJ | title= An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke | journal= Ann Neurol | year=2005 | pages=688-97 | volume=58 | issue=5 | id=PMID 16240340}}</ref>=====
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| * [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
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| * [[Atrial fibrillation]] and [[paroxysmal atrial fibrillation]]
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| * Atrial or ventricular thrombus
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| * Bioprosthetic and [[Artificial heart|mechanical heart]] valves
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| * Chronic myocardial infarction together with [[ejection fraction]] <28 percent
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| * [[Coronary artery bypass graft]] ([[CABG]]) surgery
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| * [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
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| * [[Infective endocarditis]]
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| * [[Left atrial myxoma]]
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| * [[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]]
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| * [[Marantic endocarditis]] from cancer
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| * [[Papillary fibroelastoma]]
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| * Recent [[myocardial infarction]] (within one month)
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| * Rheumatic mitral or [[aortic valve]] disease
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| * [[Sick sinus syndrome]]
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| * Sustained [[atrial flutter]]
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| * Symptomatic [[congestive heart failure]] with ejection fraction <30 percent
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| =====Potential Cardiac Causes=====
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| * Atrial septal [[aneurysm]]
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| * Atrial septal aneurysm with patent foramen ovale
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| * Complex atheroma in the [[ascending aorta]] or proximal arch
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| * Isolated left atrial smoke on echocardiography (no [[mitral stenosis]] or atrial fibrillation)
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| * Left ventricular aneurysm without thrombus
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| * Mitral annular calcification
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| * [[Patent foramen ovale]]
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| ====Systemic Hypoperfusion (Watershed stroke)====
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| * [[Cardiac arrest]]
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| * Cardiac arrhythmias
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| * Reduced [[cardiac output]] as a result of
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| ** Bleeding
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| ** [[Myocardial infarction]]
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| ** [[Pericardial effusion]]
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| ** [[Pulmonary embolism]]
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| [[Hypoxia (medical)|Hypoxemia]] (low blood oxygen content) may precipitate the hypo-perfusion.
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| ===Hemorrhagic Stroke===
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| ====Intracerebral Hemorrhage====
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| * [[Amyloid angiopathy]]
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| * [[Haemophilia|Bleeding disorders]]
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| * [[Hypertension]]
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| * [[Drug use|Illicit drug use]] (e.g., [[amphetamines]] or [[cocaine]])
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| * Trauma
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| * Vascular malformations
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
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| [[Category:Medical emergencies]]
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| [[Category:Emergency medicine]]
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| {{WH}}
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| {{WS}}
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| The upper part of the GI tract will usually cause black stools due to:
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| * Abnormal [[blood vessel]]s (vascular [[malformation]])
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| * A tear in the esophagus from violent vomiting ([[Mallory-Weiss tear]])
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| * Bleeding stomach or [[duodenal ulcer]]
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| * Inflammation of the stomach lining ([[gastritis]])
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| * Lack of proper blood flow to the intestines ([[bowel]] [[ischemia]])
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| * Trauma or foreign body
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| * Widened, overgrown veins (called [[varices]]) in the esophagus and stomach
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