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Differentiating Leukocytosis from Other Diseases

  • Leukocytosis is defined as an elevated white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 11,000 per mm3 (11.0 × 109 per L).
  • The most common type of leukocytosis is neutrophilia.
    • Neutrophilia can be defined as an increase in the absolute number of mature neutrophils to greater than 7,000 per mm3 [7.0 × 109 per L].
Category Condition Etiology Mechanism Congenital Acquried Clinical manifestations Para−clinical findings Gold standard Associated findings
Demography History Symptoms Signs
Lab Findings
Physiologic Increased bone marrow production Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils Appearance Fever Abdominal pain BP Asplenia Hepatosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Joint redness Other CBC PBS Bone marrow exam ESR/CRP BUN/Cr LFT
Autonomous Reactive WBC HB Plt
Hematologic Hereditary neutrophilia
  • Unknown
  • Germline mutation in CSF3R
- + -- - + - Rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder
  • Positive family history
  • Normal granulocytes
  • Histiocytes of Gaucher type
Hereditary chronic neutrophilia
Myeloproliferative neoplasms
Polycythemia vera
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)
Leukoerythroblastosis
Immune thrombocytopenia
Immunology/

Rheumatology

Condition Etiology Physiologic Autonomous increased bone marrow production Reactive increased bone marrow production Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils Congenital Acquried Demography History Appearance Fever Abdominal pain BP Asplenia Hepatosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Joint redness Other signs WBC HB Plt PBS Bone marrow exam ESR/CRP BUN/Cr LFT Gold standard Associated findings
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes
Rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile onset rheumatoid arthritis
Adult Still's disease
Kawasaki disease
IBD
Sarcoidosis
Chronic hepatitis
Sweet syndrome
Acute gout
Infection Condition Etiology Physiologic Autonomous increased bone marrow production Reactive increased bone marrow production Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils Congenital Acquried Demography History Appearance Fever Abdominal pain BP Asplenia Hepatosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Joint redness Other signs WBC HB Plt PBS Bone marrow exam ESR/CRP BUN/Cr LFT Gold standard Associated findings
Acute bacterial toxic granulations, Döhle bodies, and cytoplasmic vacuoles in neutrophils
Chronic infection
Viral infection
Granulomatous infections
Bronchiectasis
Metabolic Diabetic coma
Acidosis
Thyroid storm
Hypercortisolism
Seizures
Medication Condition Etiology Physiologic Autonomous increased bone marrow production Reactive increased bone marrow production Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils Congenital Acquried Demography History Appearance Fever Abdominal pain BP Asplenia Hepatosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Joint redness Other signs WBC HB Plt PBS Bone marrow exam ESR/CRP BUN/Cr LFT Gold standard Associated findings
Steriod
  • Release of granulocytes from the bone marrow
Myeloid growth factors
Lithium
Cytokines
Catecholamines (epinephrine)
  • Stimulation of bone marrow myelopoiesis
  • Egress into the circulation
ATRA
Other Condition Etiology Physiologic Autonomous increased bone marrow production Reactive increased bone marrow production Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils Congenital Acquried Demography History Appearance Fever Abdominal pain BP Asplenia Hepatosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Joint redness Other signs WBC HB Plt PBS Bone marrow exam ESR/CRP BUN/Cr LFT Gold standard Associated findings
Allergy
Post splenectomy
Down syndrome
Cigarette smoking
Stress/exercise
Infancy
Pregnancy
Platelet clumping Spurious
Mixed cryoglobulinemia Spurious
Category Condition Etiology Physiologic Autonomous increased bone marrow production Reactive increased bone marrow production Demargination of peripheral blood neutrophils Congenital Acquried Demography History Appearance Fever Abdominal pain BP Asplenia Hepatosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Joint redness Other signs WBC HB Plt PBS Bone marrow exam ESR/CRP BUN/Cr LFT Gold standard Associated findings