Rabies risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(11 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Rabies}}
{{Rabies}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}}
 
Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here.  It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]]  to learn about editing.


==Overview==
==Overview==
A bite from an infected animal is the biggest risk factor. People that live in an area, or travel to an area that has a large incidence for rabies, are at a high risk for acquiring rabies from a rabid animal. Handling certain wild animals such as bats or raccoons will put a person at a higher risk.
The most potent [[risk factor]] for the development of rabies is a bite from an [[Infection (disambiguation)|infected]] animal. People that live in an area, or travel to an area that has a large [[incidence]] for rabies, are at a high risk for acquiring rabies from a rabid animal. Handling certain wild animals such as bats or raccoons will put a person at a higher risk.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
===Transmission through Organ Transplants===
Rabies is known to have been transmitted between humans by [[Organ transplant|transplant surgery]]. [[Image:Rabies patient.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A patient with rabies, 1959]]
Infections by [[cornea]]l transplant have been reported in Thailand (2 cases), India (2 cases), Iran (2 cases),<ref name=Javadi_1996>{{cite journal | author=Javadi MA, Fayaz A, Mirdehghan SA, Ainollahi B | title=Transmission of rabies by corneal graft | journal=Cornea | year=1996 | pages=431-3 | volume=15 | issue=4 | id={{PMID|8776570}} }}</ref> the United States (1 case), and France (1 case).<ref>{{cite journal | author = CDC | title = Human-to-human transmission of rabies via a corneal transplant -- France | journal = MMWR | year = 1980 | volume = 29 | issue = | pages = 25&ndash;6 | url= }}</ref> Details of two further cases of infection resulting from corneal transplants were described in 1996.
Associated Press reports that "Donated organs are never tested for rabies. The strain detected in the victims' bodies is one commonly found in bats, health officials said." According to CNN "Rabies tests are not routine donor screening tests, Virginia McBride, public health organ donation specialist with the Health Resources and Services Administration, said. The number of tests is limited because doctors have only about six hours from the time a patient is declared brain-dead until the transplantation must begin for the organs to maintain viability."
===Risks for Travellers===


Rabies vaccination is not a requirement for entry into any country. However, travelers to rabies-endemic countries should be warned about the risk of acquiring rabies and educated in animal bite prevention strategies (12-16). Travelers with extensive unprotected outdoor exposure such as might be experienced while bicycling, camping, hiking, or engaging in certain occupational activities, might be at higher risk even if their trip is brief. Also, children are considered at higher risk because of their tendencies to play with animals and to not report bites. Casual exposure to cave air is not a concern, but cavers should be warned not to handle bats (3).
The following are the [[risk factors]] for rabies:<ref name="urlWHO | Rabies">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=WHO &#124; Rabies |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12675934">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fooks AR, Johnson N, Brookes SM, Parsons G, McElhinney LM |title=Risk factors associated with travel to rabies endemic countries |journal=J. Appl. Microbiol. |volume=94 Suppl |issue= |pages=31S–36S |year=2003 |pmid=12675934 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21824368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gong Z, He F, Chen Z |title=Risk factors for human rabies in China |journal=Zoonoses Public Health |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=39–43 |year=2012 |pmid=21824368 |doi=10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01416.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7621206">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dire DJ, Hogan DE, Riggs MW |title=A prospective evaluation of risk factors for infections from dog-bite wounds |journal=Acad Emerg Med |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=258–66 |year=1994 |pmid=7621206 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22185767">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gautret P, Ribadeau-Dumas F, Parola P, Brouqui P, Bourhy H |title=Risk for rabies importation from North Africa |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=2187–93 |year=2011 |pmid=22185767 |pmc=3311213 |doi=10.3201/eid1712.110300 |url=}}</ref>
* Bites from [[Infection (disambiguation)|infected]] animals
* Exposure to [[urine]] or other secretions of [[Infection (disambiguation)|infected]] animals
* [[Organ transplants]] from infected donors
* The following individuals may have a higher risk of contracting rabies than the general population:
** International travelers
** Animal control officers
** Spelunkers
** Lab workers
** Injuries to the head and the neck region with open wounds may facilitate quicker transmission of the virus to the brain.


==References==
==References==
Line 23: Line 23:
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Viral diseases]]
[[Category:Mononegavirales]]
[[Category:Mononegavirales]]
Line 31: Line 31:
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Medicine]]

Latest revision as of 23:56, 29 July 2020

Rabies Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Rabies from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Rabies risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Rabies risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Rabies risk factors

CDC on Rabies risk factors

Rabies risk factors in the news

Blogs on Rabies risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Rabies

Risk calculators and risk factors for Rabies risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]

Overview

The most potent risk factor for the development of rabies is a bite from an infected animal. People that live in an area, or travel to an area that has a large incidence for rabies, are at a high risk for acquiring rabies from a rabid animal. Handling certain wild animals such as bats or raccoons will put a person at a higher risk.

Risk Factors

The following are the risk factors for rabies:[1][2][3][4][5]

  • Bites from infected animals
  • Exposure to urine or other secretions of infected animals
  • Organ transplants from infected donors
  • The following individuals may have a higher risk of contracting rabies than the general population:
    • International travelers
    • Animal control officers
    • Spelunkers
    • Lab workers
    • Injuries to the head and the neck region with open wounds may facilitate quicker transmission of the virus to the brain.

References

  1. "WHO | Rabies".
  2. Fooks AR, Johnson N, Brookes SM, Parsons G, McElhinney LM (2003). "Risk factors associated with travel to rabies endemic countries". J. Appl. Microbiol. 94 Suppl: 31S–36S. PMID 12675934.
  3. Gong Z, He F, Chen Z (2012). "Risk factors for human rabies in China". Zoonoses Public Health. 59 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01416.x. PMID 21824368.
  4. Dire DJ, Hogan DE, Riggs MW (1994). "A prospective evaluation of risk factors for infections from dog-bite wounds". Acad Emerg Med. 1 (3): 258–66. PMID 7621206.
  5. Gautret P, Ribadeau-Dumas F, Parola P, Brouqui P, Bourhy H (2011). "Risk for rabies importation from North Africa". Emerging Infect. Dis. 17 (12): 2187–93. doi:10.3201/eid1712.110300. PMC 3311213. PMID 22185767.

Template:WH Template:WS