Pyelonephritis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(35 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Pyelonephritis }}
{{Pyelonephritis }}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{USAMA}}


Please help WikiDoc by adding more content here. It's easy!  Click  [[Help:How_to_Edit_a_Page|here]] to learn about editing.
==Overview==
Pyelonephritis is distressful condition requiring emergent medical management. Most individuals who are treated adequately with [[antibiotics]] do not have complications. A surgical management with removal of stone or obstructing [[tumor]] may sometimes be required to prevent complications and prevent obstructive pyelonephritis and stop the course of chronic pyelonephritis. The most common complication of pyelonephritis is recurrent [[Infection|infections]]. Most episodes of pyelonephritis are uncomplicated and are easily treatable. The prognosis of pyelonephritis varies depending on the type of pyelonephritis and on the timing and duration of treatment. The mortality in case of [[UTI]] is between 5% to 33%.


{{CMG}}
== Natural History==
== Natural History==
If left untreated, Pyelonephritis can lead to [[papillary necrosis]] and ultimately leading to scarring of the [[kidneys]]. This scarring can cause [[renal failure]] in some cases. [[Abscess]] formation in or around the renal tissue is also possible. Pyelonephritis can prove fatal in some cases without treatment. The following factors influence the prevalence of pathogens in the kidneys:<ref name="pmid12767958">{{cite journal| author=Efstathiou SP, Pefanis AV, Tsioulos DI, Zacharos ID, Tsiakou AG, Mitromaras AG et al.| title=Acute pyelonephritis in adults: prediction of mortality and failure of treatment. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2003 | volume= 163 | issue= 10 | pages= 1206-12 | pmid=12767958 | doi=10.1001/archinte.163.10.1206 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12767958  }} </ref><ref name="pmid14450231">{{cite journal| author=HUTCH JA| title=The role of the ureterovesical junction in the natural history of pyelonephritis. | journal=J Urol | year= 1962 | volume= 88 | issue=  | pages= 354-62 | pmid=14450231 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14450231  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6992728">{{cite journal| author=Hoverman IV, Gentry LO, Jones DW, Guerriero WG| title=Intrarenal abscess. Report of 14 cases. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1980 | volume= 140 | issue= 7 | pages= 914-6 | pmid=6992728 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6992728  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref>
*History of pyelonephritis
*Recent history of [[hospitalization]]
*[[Nephrolithiasis]]
*[[Immunosuppression]]


==Complications==
==Complications==
* Most people with pyelonephritis do not have complications if appropriately treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics.
Pyelonephritis can lead to the following complications:<ref name="pmid12767958">{{cite journal| author=Efstathiou SP, Pefanis AV, Tsioulos DI, Zacharos ID, Tsiakou AG, Mitromaras AG et al.| title=Acute pyelonephritis in adults: prediction of mortality and failure of treatment. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2003 | volume= 163 | issue= 10 | pages= 1206-12 | pmid=12767958 | doi=10.1001/archinte.163.10.1206 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12767958  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7414775">{{cite journal| author=Anderson KA, McAninch JW| title=Renal abscesses: classification and review of 40 cases. | journal=Urology | year= 1980 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 333-8 | pmid=7414775 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7414775  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8126807">{{cite journal| author=Fowler JE, Perkins T| title=Presentation, diagnosis and treatment of renal abscesses: 1972-1988. | journal=J Urol | year= 1994 | volume= 151 | issue= 4 | pages= 847-51 | pmid=8126807 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8126807  }} </ref>
* In rare cases, pyelonephritis may cause permanent kidney scars, which can lead to [[chronic kidney disease]], high blood pressure, and [[kidney failure]]. These problems usually occur in people with a structural problem in the urinary tract, kidney disease from other causes, or repeated episodes of pyelonephritis.
 
* Infection in the kidneys may spread to the bloodstream—a serious condition called [[sepsis]]—though this is also uncommon.
===Life threatening complications===
*[[Renal abscess]] and [[Perinephric abscess]] PMID: 9378929, 6992728, 686015, 2651759, 15201757, 4913271, 10102326, 986763, 7039139, 9378929, 7414775, 8126807
*[[Kidney failure]]
*Perinephric abscess is made by cortical staphylococcal renal abscess (Graves RC, Parkins LE. Carbuncle of the kidney. J Urol (Baltimore) 1970; 104:179.) or by rupturing of a renal abscess (Hill GS. Renal infection. In: Uropathology, 1st Ed, Hill GS (Ed), Churchill Livingstone, New York 1989; 33.)
*[[Sepsis]] and septic [[metastasis]] to [[Bone (disambiguation)|bones]] and [[endocardium]]<ref name="pmid986763">{{cite journal| author=Siroky MB, Moylan R, Austen G, Olsson CA| title=Metastatic infection secondary to genitourinary tract sepsis. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1976 | volume= 61 | issue= 3 | pages= 351-60 | pmid=986763 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=986763  }} </ref>
*Illiopsoas abscess <ref name="pmid27974344">{{cite journal| author=Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK| title=Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27974344 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-218541 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27974344  }} </ref>
*[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid27915241">{{cite journal| author=Yeow Y, Chong YL| title=Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess. | journal=J Surg Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27915241 | doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw211 | pmc=5159021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27915241  }} </ref>
===Other complications===
*[[Papillary necrosis]]<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref>
 
*Emphysematous [[cystitis]]<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref>
 
*Renal scarring<ref name="pmid2651759">{{cite journal| author=Meyrier A, Condamin MC, Fernet M, Labigne-Roussel A, Simon P, Callard P et al.| title=Frequency of development of early cortical scarring in acute primary pyelonephritis. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1989 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 696-703 | pmid=2651759 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2651759  }} </ref>
*Dilation of [[renal pelvis]]
*Renal [[atrophy]]<ref name="pmid2651759">{{cite journal| author=Meyrier A, Condamin MC, Fernet M, Labigne-Roussel A, Simon P, Callard P et al.| title=Frequency of development of early cortical scarring in acute primary pyelonephritis. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1989 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 696-703 | pmid=2651759 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2651759  }} </ref>
*Sub actute-chronic [[interstitial nephritis]]<ref name="pmid2651759">{{cite journal| author=Meyrier A, Condamin MC, Fernet M, Labigne-Roussel A, Simon P, Callard P et al.| title=Frequency of development of early cortical scarring in acute primary pyelonephritis. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1989 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 696-703 | pmid=2651759 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2651759  }} </ref>
*[[Chronic kidney disease]]
*[[High blood pressure]] (results from a structural problem in the [[Urinary system|urinary tract]] or repeated episodes of pyelonephritis)
 
*[[Bacteremia]] or [[bacteriuria]]<ref name="pmid686015">{{cite journal| author=Lee BK, Crossley K, Gerding DN| title=The association between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and bacteriuria. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1978 | volume= 65 | issue= 2 | pages= 303-6 | pmid=686015 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=686015  }} </ref>
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Renal abscess]]<ref name="pmid9378929">{{cite journal| author=Dembry LM, Andriole VT| title=Renal and perirenal abscesses. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 1997 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 663-80 | pmid=9378929 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9378929 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4913271">{{cite journal| author=Fair WR, Higgins MH| title=Renal abscess. | journal=J Urol | year= 1970 | volume= 104 | issue= 1 | pages= 179-83 | pmid=4913271 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4913271  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10102326">{{cite journal| author=Yen DH, Hu SC, Tsai J, Kao WF, Chern CH, Wang LM et al.| title=Renal abscess: early diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Am J Emerg Med | year= 1999 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 192-7 | pmid=10102326 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10102326 }} </ref> 
 
*[[Perinephric abscess]] made by cortical staphylococcal renal abscess or by rupture of a renal [[abscess]]<ref name="pmid6992728">{{cite journal| author=Hoverman IV, Gentry LO, Jones DW, Guerriero WG| title=Intrarenal abscess. Report of 14 cases. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1980 | volume= 140 | issue= 7 | pages= 914-6 | pmid=6992728 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6992728  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9378929">{{cite journal| author=Dembry LM, Andriole VT| title=Renal and perirenal abscesses. | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 1997 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 663-80 | pmid=9378929 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9378929  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7039139">{{cite journal| author=Saiki J, Vaziri ND, Barton C| title=Perinephric and intranephric abscesses: a review of the literature. | journal=West J Med | year= 1982 | volume= 136 | issue= 2 | pages= 95-102 | pmid=7039139 | doi= | pmc=1273539 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7039139  }} </ref>
 
*[[Amyloidosis]]
 
*Iliopsoas [[abscess]]<ref name="pmid27974344">{{cite journal| author=Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK| title=Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=27974344 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-218541 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27974344 }} </ref>
 
*Peritoneal [[abscess]]<ref name="pmid27915241">{{cite journal| author=Yeow Y, Chong YL| title=Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess. | journal=J Surg Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= 12 | pages=  | pmid=27915241 | doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw211 | pmc=5159021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27915241 }} </ref>


==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Prognosis: 20121956
* Most episodes of pyelonephritis are uncomplicated and are easily treatable. The prognosis of pyelonephritis varies depending on the type of pyelonephritis and on the timing and duration of treatment.<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956  }} </ref>
 
*The mortality in case of [[UTI]] is between 5% to 33%.<ref name="pmid20121956">{{cite journal| author=Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G et al.| title=Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis. | journal=J Am Geriatr Soc | year= 2009 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= 2125-8 | pmid=20121956 | doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20121956 }} </ref>
*Acute pyelonephritis has a mortality of 10-20%.<ref name="pmid2017629">{{cite journal| author=Roberts FJ, Geere IW, Coldman A| title=A three-year study of positive blood cultures, with emphasis on prognosis. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1991 | volume= 13 | issue= 1 | pages= 34-46 | pmid=2017629 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2017629  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3310074">{{cite journal| author=Ispahani P, Pearson NJ, Greenwood D| title=An analysis of community and hospital-acquired bacteraemia in a large teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1987 | volume= 63 | issue= 241 | pages= 427-40 | pmid=3310074 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3310074  }} </ref>
*Type 1 [[emphysematous pyelonephritis]] has a mortality of 69% while type 2 [[emphysematous pyelonephritis]] has a mortality of 18%.<ref name="pmid8596845">{{cite journal| author=Wan YL, Lee TY, Bullard MJ, Tsai CC| title=Acute gas-producing bacterial renal infection: correlation between imaging findings and clinical outcome. | journal=Radiology | year= 1996 | volume= 198 | issue= 2 | pages= 433-8 | pmid=8596845 | doi=10.1148/radiology.198.2.8596845 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8596845  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


 
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Urology]]
 
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
{{WH}}
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 23:54, 29 July 2020

Urinary Tract Infections Main Page

Pyelonephritis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Pyelonephritis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocaridogram

X Ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Pyelonephritis natural history, complications and prognosis On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Pyelonephritis natural history, complications and prognosis

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Pyelonephritis natural history, complications and prognosis

CDC on Pyelonephritis natural history, complications and prognosis

Pyelonephritis natural history, complications and prognosis in the news

Blogs on Pyelonephritis natural history, complications and prognosis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Pyelonephritis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Pyelonephritis natural history, complications and prognosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]

Overview

Pyelonephritis is distressful condition requiring emergent medical management. Most individuals who are treated adequately with antibiotics do not have complications. A surgical management with removal of stone or obstructing tumor may sometimes be required to prevent complications and prevent obstructive pyelonephritis and stop the course of chronic pyelonephritis. The most common complication of pyelonephritis is recurrent infections. Most episodes of pyelonephritis are uncomplicated and are easily treatable. The prognosis of pyelonephritis varies depending on the type of pyelonephritis and on the timing and duration of treatment. The mortality in case of UTI is between 5% to 33%.

Natural History

If left untreated, Pyelonephritis can lead to papillary necrosis and ultimately leading to scarring of the kidneys. This scarring can cause renal failure in some cases. Abscess formation in or around the renal tissue is also possible. Pyelonephritis can prove fatal in some cases without treatment. The following factors influence the prevalence of pathogens in the kidneys:[1][2][3][4]

Complications

Pyelonephritis can lead to the following complications:[1][5][6]

Life threatening complications

Other complications

Prognosis

  • Most episodes of pyelonephritis are uncomplicated and are easily treatable. The prognosis of pyelonephritis varies depending on the type of pyelonephritis and on the timing and duration of treatment.[4]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Efstathiou SP, Pefanis AV, Tsioulos DI, Zacharos ID, Tsiakou AG, Mitromaras AG; et al. (2003). "Acute pyelonephritis in adults: prediction of mortality and failure of treatment". Arch Intern Med. 163 (10): 1206–12. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.10.1206. PMID 12767958.
  2. ↑ HUTCH JA (1962). "The role of the ureterovesical junction in the natural history of pyelonephritis". J Urol. 88: 354–62. PMID 14450231.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hoverman IV, Gentry LO, Jones DW, Guerriero WG (1980). "Intrarenal abscess. Report of 14 cases". Arch Intern Med. 140 (7): 914–6. PMID 6992728.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Kofteridis DP, Papadimitraki E, Mantadakis E, Maraki S, Papadakis JA, Tzifa G; et al. (2009). "Effect of diabetes mellitus on the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis". J Am Geriatr Soc. 57 (11): 2125–8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02550.x. PMID 20121956.
  5. ↑ Anderson KA, McAninch JW (1980). "Renal abscesses: classification and review of 40 cases". Urology. 16 (4): 333–8. PMID 7414775.
  6. ↑ Fowler JE, Perkins T (1994). "Presentation, diagnosis and treatment of renal abscesses: 1972-1988". J Urol. 151 (4): 847–51. PMID 8126807.
  7. ↑ Siroky MB, Moylan R, Austen G, Olsson CA (1976). "Metastatic infection secondary to genitourinary tract sepsis". Am J Med. 61 (3): 351–60. PMID 986763.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Yeow Y, Chong YL (2016). "Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as Proteus preperitoneal abscess". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (12). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw211. PMC 5159021. PMID 27915241.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Meyrier A, Condamin MC, Fernet M, Labigne-Roussel A, Simon P, Callard P; et al. (1989). "Frequency of development of early cortical scarring in acute primary pyelonephritis". Kidney Int. 35 (2): 696–703. PMID 2651759.
  10. ↑ Lee BK, Crossley K, Gerding DN (1978). "The association between Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and bacteriuria". Am J Med. 65 (2): 303–6. PMID 686015.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Dembry LM, Andriole VT (1997). "Renal and perirenal abscesses". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 11 (3): 663–80. PMID 9378929.
  12. ↑ Fair WR, Higgins MH (1970). "Renal abscess". J Urol. 104 (1): 179–83. PMID 4913271.
  13. ↑ Yen DH, Hu SC, Tsai J, Kao WF, Chern CH, Wang LM; et al. (1999). "Renal abscess: early diagnosis and treatment". Am J Emerg Med. 17 (2): 192–7. PMID 10102326.
  14. ↑ Saiki J, Vaziri ND, Barton C (1982). "Perinephric and intranephric abscesses: a review of the literature". West J Med. 136 (2): 95–102. PMC 1273539. PMID 7039139.
  15. ↑ Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK (2016). "Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218541. PMID 27974344.
  16. ↑ Roberts FJ, Geere IW, Coldman A (1991). "A three-year study of positive blood cultures, with emphasis on prognosis". Rev Infect Dis. 13 (1): 34–46. PMID 2017629.
  17. ↑ Ispahani P, Pearson NJ, Greenwood D (1987). "An analysis of community and hospital-acquired bacteraemia in a large teaching hospital in the United Kingdom". Q J Med. 63 (241): 427–40. PMID 3310074.
  18. ↑ Wan YL, Lee TY, Bullard MJ, Tsai CC (1996). "Acute gas-producing bacterial renal infection: correlation between imaging findings and clinical outcome". Radiology. 198 (2): 433–8. doi:10.1148/radiology.198.2.8596845. PMID 8596845.

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Pyelonephritis_natural_history,_complications_and_prognosis&oldid=1642658"