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| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' | | __NOTOC__ |
| | '''For patient information click [[Prostate cancer (patient information)|here]].''' |
| | {{Prostate cancer}} |
| | {{SCC}}; {{MJM}}; {{AE}} {{SC}} {{sali}} {{KKV}} |
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| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | | {{SK}} Prostate adenocarcinoma, neoplasm of prostate, tumor of prostate, tumor of prostate, malignant tumor of the prostate, cancer of the prostate, malignant prostatic tumor, malignant prostatic tumour, malignant tumor of prostate |
| Name = Prostate cancer |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|61||c|60}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|185}} |
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| Image = Prostatelead.jpg |
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| Caption = |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = 176807 |
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| DiseasesDB = 10780 |
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| MedlinePlus = 000380 |
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| MeshID = D011471 |
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| }} | |
| {{Prostate cancer}}
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| {{SCC}}
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| {{Editor Join}}
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| ==[[Prostate cancer overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Prostate cancer overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==[[Prostate cancer history and symptoms|Symptoms]]== | | ==[[Prostate cancer historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| | ==[[Prostate cancer classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==[[Prostate cancer pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | ==[[Prostate cancer pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| ==[[Prostate cancer causes|Causes]]== | | ==[[Prostate cancer causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==[[Prostate cancer differential diagnosis|Differentiating Prostate Cancer from other Cancers]]== |
| Treatment for prostate cancer may involve [[watchful waiting]], [[surgery]], [[radiation therapy]] including [[brachytherapy]] (prostate brachytherapy) and external beam radiation, [[High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)]], [[chemotherapy]], [[cryosurgery]], hormonal therapy, or some combination. Which option is best depends on the stage of the disease, the Gleason score, and the PSA level. Other important factors are the man's age, his general health, and his feelings about potential treatments and their possible side effects. Because all treatments can have significant [[Adverse effect (medicine)|side effect]]s, such as erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence, treatment discussions often focus on balancing the goals of therapy with the risks of lifestyle alterations.
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| The selection of treatment options may be a complex decision involving many factors. For example, radical prostatectomy after primary radiation failure is a very technically challenging surgery and may not be an option.<ref name="pmid16314889">{{cite journal | author = Mouraviev V, Evans B, Polascik TJ | title = Salvage prostate cryoablation after primary interstitial brachytherapy failure: a feasible approach | journal = Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–101 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16314889 | doi = 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500853 | url = }}</ref> This may enter into the treatment decision.
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| If the cancer has spread beyond the prostate, treatment options significantly change, so most doctors who treat prostate cancer use a variety of [[nomogram]]s to predict the probability of spread. Treatment by watchful waiting, HIFU, radiation therapy, cryosurgery, and surgery are generally offered to men whose cancer remains within the prostate. Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy are often reserved for disease which has spread beyond the prostate. However, there are exceptions: radiation therapy may be used for some advanced tumors, and hormonal therapy is used for some early stage tumors. [[Cryotherapy]], hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy may also be offered if initial treatment fails and the cancer progresses.
| | ==[[Prostate cancer epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| [[Prostate cancer medical therapy|Medical therapy]] | [[Prostate cancer surgery|Surgical options]] | [[Prostate cancer metastasis treatment|Metastasis Treatment]] | [[Prostate cancer primary prevention|Primary prevention]] | [[Prostate cancer secondary prevention|Secondary prevention]] | [[Prostate cancer cost-effectiveness of therapy|Financial costs]] | [[Prostate cancer future or investigational therapies|Future therapies]] | | ==[[Prostate cancer risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| ==[[Prostate cancer screening|Screening]]== | | ==[[Prostate cancer screening|Screening]]== |
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| | ==[[Prostate cancer natural history|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| [[Image:Prostatehistopath.jpg|thumb|right|500px|'''Normal prostate (A) and prostate cancer (B).''' In prostate cancer, the regular glands of the normal prostate are replaced by irregular glands and clumps of cells, as seen in these pictures taken through a microscope.]]
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| When a man has symptoms of prostate cancer, or a screening test indicates an increased risk for cancer, more invasive evaluation is offered.
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| The only test which can fully confirm the diagnosis of prostate cancer is a [[biopsy]], the removal of small pieces of the prostate for microscopic examination. However, prior to a biopsy, several other tools may be used to gather more information about the prostate and the urinary tract. [[Cystoscopy]] shows the urinary tract from inside the bladder, using a thin, flexible camera tube inserted down the [[urethra]]. [[Transrectal ultrasonography]] creates a picture of the prostate using sound waves from a probe in the rectum.
| | [[Prostate cancer history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Prostate cancer physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Prostate cancer staging | Staging]] | [[Prostate cancer laboratory studies | Laboratory Findings]] | [[Prostate cancer x ray|X Ray]] | [[Prostate cancer CT|CT]] | [[Prostate cancer MRI|MRI]] | [[Prostate cancer ultrasound| Ultrasound]] | [[Prostate cancer other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Prostate cancer other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] | [[Prostate cancer biopsy|Biopsy]] |
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| :[[Prostate cancer history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | [[Prostate cancer physical examination | Physical Examination]] | [[Prostate cancer staging | Staging]] | [[Prostate cancer laboratory studies | Lab Studies]] | [[Prostate cancer electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Prostate cancer x ray|X Ray]] | [[Prostate cancer MRI|MRI]] | [[Prostate cancer CT|CT]] | [[Prostate cancer echocardiography|Echocardiography]] | [[Prostate cancer other imaging findings|Other imaging findings]] | [[Prostate cancer other diagnostic studies|Other diagnostic studies]]
| | ==Treatment== |
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| ==[[Prostate cancer risk factors|Risk factors]]== | |
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| ==[[Prostate cancer natural history|Complications & Prognosis]]==
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| ==[[Prostate cancer epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology & Demographics]]==
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| == History ==
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| [[Image:Schally portrait.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Andrzej W. Schally''' was awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his research relating to prostate cancer.]]
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| Although the prostate was first described by Venetian anatomist [[Niccolò Massa]] in 1536, and illustrated by Flemish anatomist [[Vesalius|Andreas Vesalius]] in 1538, prostate cancer was not identified until 1853.<ref>Adams, J. ''The case of scirrhous of the prostate gland with corresponding affliction of the lymphatic glands in the lumbar region and in the pelvis.'' Lancet 1, 393 (1853).</ref> Prostate cancer was initially considered a rare disease, probably because of shorter [[life expectancy|life expectancies]] and poorer detection methods in the 19th century. The first treatments of prostate cancer were surgeries to relieve urinary obstruction.<ref>Lytton, B. ''Prostate cancer: a brief history and the discovery of hormonal ablation treatment.'' J. Urol. 165, 1859–1862</ref> Removal of the entire gland (radical perineal [[prostatectomy]]) was first performed in 1904 by Hugh H. Young at [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]].<ref>Young, H. H. ''Four cases of radical prostatectomy.'' Johns Hopkins Bull. 16, 315 (1905).</ref> Surgical removal of the testes ([[orchiectomy]]) to treat prostate cancer was first performed in the 1890s, but with limited success. [[Transurethral resection of the prostate]] (TURP) replaced radical prostatectomy for symptomatic relief of obstruction in the middle of the 20th century because it could better preserve penile erectile function. Radical retropubic prostatectomy was developed in 1983 by Patrick Walsh.<ref>Walsh, P. C., Lepor, H. & Eggleston, J. C. ''Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: anatomical and pathological considerations.'' Prostate 4, 473-485 (1983). PMID 6889192</ref> This surgical approach allowed for removal of the prostate and lymph nodes with maintenance of penile function.
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| In 1941 Charles B. Huggins published studies in which he used [[estrogen]] to oppose testosterone production in men with metastatic prostate cancer. This discovery of "chemical [[castration]]" won Huggins the 1966 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref>Huggins, C. B. & Hodges, C. V. ''Studies on prostate cancer: 1. The effects of castration, of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate.'' Cancer Res. 1, 203 (1941).</ref> The role of the hormone [[GnRH]] in reproduction was determined by Andrzej W. Schally and [[Roger Guillemin]], who both won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work.
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| Receptor agonists, such as [[leuprolide]] and [[goserelin]], were subsequently developed and used to treat prostate cancer.<ref>Schally, A. V., Kastin, A. J. & Arimura, A. ''Hypothalamic FSH and LH-regulating hormone. Structure, physiology and clinical studies.'' Fertil. Steril. 22, 703–721 (1971).</ref><ref>Tolis G, Ackman D, Stellos A, Mehta A, Labrie F, Fazekas AT, Comaru-Schally AM, Schally AV. ''Tumor growth inhibition in patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists.'' Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Mar;79(5):1658–62 PMID 6461861</ref>
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| [[Radiation therapy]] for prostate cancer was first developed in the early 20th century and initially consisted of intraprostatic [[radium]] implants. External beam radiation became more popular as stronger radiation sources became available in the middle of the 20th century. Brachytherapy with implanted seeds was first described in 1983.<ref>Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. ''A History of Prostate Cancer Treatment.'' Nature Reviews Cancer 2, 389–396 (2002). PMID 12044015</ref> Systemic chemotherapy for prostate cancer was first studied in the 1970s. The initial regimen of [[cyclophosphamide]] and [[5-fluorouracil]] was quickly joined by multiple regimens using a host of other systemic chemotherapy drugs.<ref>Scott, W. W. et al. ''Chemotherapy of advanced prostatic carcinoma with cyclophosphamide or 5-fluorouracil: results of first national randomized study.'' J. Urol. 114, 909–911 (1975). PMID 1104900</ref>
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| ==Histopathological Findings in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma==
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| === Prostate: Adenocarcinoma===
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| <youtube v=1SZPLS1dxTo/>
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| == Prostate: Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grading system)==
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| === Prostate: Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 1)===
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| <youtube v=F7V0Zl7a2FY/>
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| === Prostate : Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 2)===
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| <youtube v=YSOLiSklIXw/>
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| === Prostate : Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 3)===
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| <youtube v=TG8vR_pE7yA/>
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| === Prostate: Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 4)===
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| <youtube v=R2Cl4HScdGc/>
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| === Prostate: Adenocarcinoma (Gleason grade 5)===
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| <youtube v=F7V0Zl7a2FY/>
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| == See also ==
| | [[Prostate cancer medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Prostate cancer surgery|Surgery]] | [[Prostate cancer primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Prostate cancer secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Prostate cancer cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Prostate cancer future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Prostate cancer alternative therapy|Alternative Therapy]] |
| *[[Atypical small acinar proliferation]]
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| *[[Testosterone]]
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| ==References== | | ==Case Studies== |
| {{reflist|2}}
| | [[Prostate cancer case study one|Case #1]] |
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| ==External links== | | ==Related Chapters== |
| *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqEOYBNnqb4 Prostate Cancer & Endothelin: PMAP The Proteolysis Map - animation] | | * [[Atypical small acinar proliferation]] |
| *{{dmoz|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cancer/Genitourinary/Prostate/}} | | * [[Testosterone]] |
| | * [[Gleason score]] |
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| {{Urogenital neoplasia}} | | {{Urogenital neoplasia}} |
| {{SIB}}
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| {{Link FA|ca}}
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| {{Link FA|de}}
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| [[af:Prostaatkanker]]
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| [[bn:প্রোস্টেট ক্যান্সার]]
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| [[bg:Рак на простатата]]
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| [[ca:Càncer de pròstata]]
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| [[da:Prostatakræft]]
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| [[de:Prostatakrebs]]
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| [[dv:ޕްރޮސްޓޭޓް ކެންސަރު]]
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| [[el:Καρκίνος του προστάτη]]
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| [[es:Cáncer de próstata]]
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| [[fa:سرطان پروستات]]
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| [[fr:Cancer de la prostate]]
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| [[hr:Rak prostate]]
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| [[id:Kanker prostat]]
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| [[it:Carcinoma della prostata]]
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| [[he:סרטן הערמונית]]
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| [[la:Cancer prostatae]]
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| [[lv:Prostatas vēzis]]
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| [[nl:Prostaatkanker]]
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| [[ja:前立腺癌]]
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| [[no:Prostatakreft]]
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| [[pl:Rak gruczołu krokowego]]
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| [[pt:Câncer de próstata]]
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| [[ru:Рак простаты]]
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| [[simple:Prostate cancer]]
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| [[fi:Eturauhassyöpä]]
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| [[sv:Prostatacancer]]
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| [[tl:Kanser sa prostata]]
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| [[tr:Prostat kanseri]]
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| [[zh:前列腺癌]]
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| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
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| [[Category:Types of cancer]] | | [[Category:Types of cancer]] |
| [[Category:Oncology]] | | [[Category:Oncology]] |
| [[Category:Mature chapter]] | | |
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| | [[Category:Urology]] |
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| | [[Category:Oncology]] |
| | [[Category:Medicine]] |