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===Alcohol===
===Alcohol===
It is controversial whether alcohol consumption is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Drinking alcohol excessively is a major cause of [[chronic pancreatitis]], which in turn predisposes to pancreatic cancer, but "chronic pancreatitis that is due to alcohol doesn't increase risk as much as other types of chronic pancreatitis.<ref name=cruk>[[Cancer Research UK]] [http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=3102#alcohol Pancreatic cancer risks and causes]</ref> Overall, the association is consistently weak and the majority of studies have found no association.<ref name=aa21>[[National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism]] [http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa21.htm Alcohol and Cancer - Alcohol Alert No. 21-1993]</ref><ref>[[American Cancer Society]] [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/update/NWS_1_1xU_Coffee_and_Alcohol_Do_Not_Pose_a_Risk_for_Pancreatic_Cancer.asp Coffee and Alcohol Do Not Pose a Risk for Pancreatic Cancer]</ref><ref>Villeneuve PJ, Johnson KC, Hanley AJ, Mao Y [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777010 Alcohol, tobacco and coffee consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian Enhanced Surveillance System case-control project. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group] ''Eur J Cancer Prev'' 2000 Feb;9(1):49-58. PMID: 10777010</ref><ref name=Michaud/>
It is controversial whether alcohol consumption is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Drinking alcohol excessively is a major cause of [[chronic pancreatitis]], which in turn predisposes to pancreatic cancer, but chronic pancreatitis that is due to alcohol doesn't increase risk as much as other types of chronic pancreatitis.<ref name=cruk>[[Cancer Research UK]] [http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=3102#alcohol Pancreatic cancer risks and causes]</ref> Overall, the association is consistently weak and the majority of studies have found no association.<ref name=aa21>[[National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism]] [http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa21.htm Alcohol and Cancer - Alcohol Alert No. 21-1993]</ref><ref>[[American Cancer Society]] [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/update/NWS_1_1xU_Coffee_and_Alcohol_Do_Not_Pose_a_Risk_for_Pancreatic_Cancer.asp Coffee and Alcohol Do Not Pose a Risk for Pancreatic Cancer]</ref><ref>Villeneuve PJ, Johnson KC, Hanley AJ, Mao Y [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777010 Alcohol, tobacco and coffee consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian Enhanced Surveillance System case-control project. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group] ''Eur J Cancer Prev'' 2000 Feb;9(1):49-58. PMID: 10777010</ref><ref name=Michaud/>


Some studies suggest a relationship,<ref>Ahlgren, J. D., ''et al''. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8623060&dopt=Abstract Epidemiology and risk factors in pancreatic cancer] ''Seminars in Oncology'', 1996, ''23(2)'', 241-250.</ref> with risk increasing with increasing amount of alcohol intake.<ref>Cuzick J, Babiker AG [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2925272 Pancreatic cancer, alcohol, diabetes mellitus and gall-bladder disease] ''Int J Cancer'' 1989 Mar 15;43(3):415-21</ref><ref>Harnack LJ, Anderson KE, Zheng W, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9419407 Smoking, alcohol, coffee, and tea intake and incidence of cancer of the exocrine pancreas: the Iowa Women's Health Study] ''Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev'' 1997 Dec;6(12):1081-6 PMID: 9419407</ref> Risk is greatest in heavy drinkers<ref>Schottenfeld, D. and J. Fraumeni, ed. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 2nd ed., ed. Vol. 1996, Oxford University Press: Oxford</ref><ref name=Ye>W Ye, J Lagergren, E Weiderpass, O Nyrén, H-O Adami, A Ekbom [http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/51/2/236 Alcohol abuse and the risk of pancreatic cancer] ''Gut'' 2002;51:236-239</ref><ref name=Silverman>Silverman DT, Brown LM, Hoover RN, Schiffman M, Lillemoe KD, Schoenberg JB, Swanson GM, Hayes RB, Greenberg RS, Benichou J, et al [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7585527?dopt=Abstract Alcohol and pancreatic cancer in blacks and whites in the United States] ''Cancer Res'', 1995. 55(21): p. 4899-905. PMID: 7585527</ref> mostly on the order of four or more drinks per day.<ref>G W Olsen, J S Mandel, R W Gibson, L W Wattenberg and L M Schuman [http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/79/8/1016 A case-control study of pancreatic cancer and cigarettes, alcohol, coffee and diet] ''American Journal of Public Health'' Vol. 79, Issue 8 1016–1019</ref> But there appears to be no increased risk for people consuming up to 30g of alcohol a day,<ref name=Michaud>Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352851 Coffee and alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective United States cohorts] ''Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev'' 2001 May;10(5):429-37 PMID: 11352851</ref><ref>[http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/pancreas/riskfactors/ Pancreatic cancer risk factors]</ref> so most of the U.S. consumes alcohol at a level that "is probably not a risk factor for pancreatic cancer."<ref name=Silverman/>
Some studies suggest a relationship,<ref>Ahlgren, J. D., ''et al''. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8623060&dopt=Abstract Epidemiology and risk factors in pancreatic cancer] ''Seminars in Oncology'', 1996, ''23(2)'', 241-250.</ref> with risk increasing with increasing amount of alcohol intake.<ref>Cuzick J, Babiker AG [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2925272 Pancreatic cancer, alcohol, diabetes mellitus and gall-bladder disease] ''Int J Cancer'' 1989 Mar 15;43(3):415-21</ref><ref>Harnack LJ, Anderson KE, Zheng W, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9419407 Smoking, alcohol, coffee, and tea intake and incidence of cancer of the exocrine pancreas: the Iowa Women's Health Study] ''Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev'' 1997 Dec;6(12):1081-6 PMID: 9419407</ref> Risk is greatest in heavy drinkers<ref>Schottenfeld, D. and J. Fraumeni, ed. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 2nd ed., ed. Vol. 1996, Oxford University Press: Oxford</ref><ref name=Ye>W Ye, J Lagergren, E Weiderpass, O Nyrén, H-O Adami, A Ekbom [http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/51/2/236 Alcohol abuse and the risk of pancreatic cancer] ''Gut'' 2002;51:236-239</ref><ref name=Silverman>Silverman DT, Brown LM, Hoover RN, Schiffman M, Lillemoe KD, Schoenberg JB, Swanson GM, Hayes RB, Greenberg RS, Benichou J, et al [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7585527?dopt=Abstract Alcohol and pancreatic cancer in blacks and whites in the United States] ''Cancer Res'', 1995. 55(21): p. 4899-905. PMID: 7585527</ref> mostly on the order of four or more drinks per day.<ref>G W Olsen, J S Mandel, R W Gibson, L W Wattenberg and L M Schuman [http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/79/8/1016 A case-control study of pancreatic cancer and cigarettes, alcohol, coffee and diet] ''American Journal of Public Health'' Vol. 79, Issue 8 1016–1019</ref> There appears to be no increased risk for people consuming up to 30g of alcohol a day,<ref name=Michaud>Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352851 Coffee and alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective United States cohorts] ''Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev'' 2001 May;10(5):429-37 PMID: 11352851</ref><ref>[http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/pancreas/riskfactors/ Pancreatic cancer risk factors]</ref> so most of the U.S. consumes alcohol at a level that "is probably not a risk factor for pancreatic cancer."<ref name=Silverman/>


Several studies caution that their findings could be due to confounding factors.<ref name=Ye/><ref>Zatonski WA, Boyle P, Przewozniak K, Maisonneuve P, Drosik K, Walker AM [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8436433 Cigarette smoking, alcohol, tea and coffee consumption and pancreas cancer risk: a case-control study from Opole, Poland]  ''Int J Cancer'' 1993 Feb 20;53(4):601-7 PMID: 8436433</ref> Even if a link exists, it "could be due to the contents of some alcoholic beverages"<ref>Durbec JP, Chevillotte G, Bidart JM, Berthezene P, Sarles H. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6849792 Diet, alcohol, tobacco and risk of cancer of the pancreas: a case-control study]  ''Br J Cancer'' 1983 Apr;47(4):463-70.</ref> other than the alcohol itself. One Dutch study even found that drinkers of white wine had lower risk.<ref>Bueno de Mesquita HB, Maisonneuve P, Moerman CJ, Runia S, Boyle P. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1537615 Lifetime consumption of alcoholic beverages, tea and coffee and exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands] ''Int J Cancer'' 1992 Feb 20;50(4):514-22 PMID: 1537615</ref>
Several studies caution that their findings could be due to confounding factors.<ref name=Ye/><ref>Zatonski WA, Boyle P, Przewozniak K, Maisonneuve P, Drosik K, Walker AM [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8436433 Cigarette smoking, alcohol, tea and coffee consumption and pancreas cancer risk: a case-control study from Opole, Poland]  ''Int J Cancer'' 1993 Feb 20;53(4):601-7 PMID: 8436433</ref> Even if a link exists, it "could be due to the contents of some alcoholic beverages"<ref>Durbec JP, Chevillotte G, Bidart JM, Berthezene P, Sarles H. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6849792 Diet, alcohol, tobacco and risk of cancer of the pancreas: a case-control study]  ''Br J Cancer'' 1983 Apr;47(4):463-70.</ref> other than the alcohol itself. One Dutch study even found that drinkers of white wine had lower risk.<ref>Bueno de Mesquita HB, Maisonneuve P, Moerman CJ, Runia S, Boyle P. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1537615 Lifetime consumption of alcoholic beverages, tea and coffee and exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands] ''Int J Cancer'' 1992 Feb 20;50(4):514-22 PMID: 1537615</ref>

Revision as of 17:20, 28 August 2012

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

Pancreatic cancer is associated to a number of predisposing risk factors such as age, gender, specific ethnicities, and environmental exposures.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include:[1]

Alcohol

It is controversial whether alcohol consumption is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Drinking alcohol excessively is a major cause of chronic pancreatitis, which in turn predisposes to pancreatic cancer, but chronic pancreatitis that is due to alcohol doesn't increase risk as much as other types of chronic pancreatitis.[4] Overall, the association is consistently weak and the majority of studies have found no association.[5][6][7][8]

Some studies suggest a relationship,[9] with risk increasing with increasing amount of alcohol intake.[10][11] Risk is greatest in heavy drinkers[12][13][14] mostly on the order of four or more drinks per day.[15] There appears to be no increased risk for people consuming up to 30g of alcohol a day,[8][16] so most of the U.S. consumes alcohol at a level that "is probably not a risk factor for pancreatic cancer."[14]

Several studies caution that their findings could be due to confounding factors.[13][17] Even if a link exists, it "could be due to the contents of some alcoholic beverages"[18] other than the alcohol itself. One Dutch study even found that drinkers of white wine had lower risk.[19]

References

  1. ↑ http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_pancreatic_cancer_34.asp?sitearea=
  2. ↑ Efthimiou E, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, Lemoine NR, Brentnall TA (2001). "Inherited predisposition to pancreatic cancer". Gut. 48 (2): 143–7. PMID 11156628. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Michaud DS, Joshipura K, Giovannucci E, Fuchs CS (2007). "A prospective study of periodontal disease and pancreatic cancer in US male health professionals". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99 (2): 171–5. doi:10.1093/jnci/djk021. PMID 17228001.
  4. ↑ Cancer Research UK Pancreatic cancer risks and causes
  5. ↑ National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol and Cancer - Alcohol Alert No. 21-1993
  6. ↑ American Cancer Society Coffee and Alcohol Do Not Pose a Risk for Pancreatic Cancer
  7. ↑ Villeneuve PJ, Johnson KC, Hanley AJ, Mao Y Alcohol, tobacco and coffee consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the Canadian Enhanced Surveillance System case-control project. Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group Eur J Cancer Prev 2000 Feb;9(1):49-58. PMID: 10777010
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS Coffee and alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective United States cohorts Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001 May;10(5):429-37 PMID: 11352851
  9. ↑ Ahlgren, J. D., et al. Epidemiology and risk factors in pancreatic cancer Seminars in Oncology, 1996, 23(2), 241-250.
  10. ↑ Cuzick J, Babiker AG Pancreatic cancer, alcohol, diabetes mellitus and gall-bladder disease Int J Cancer 1989 Mar 15;43(3):415-21
  11. ↑ Harnack LJ, Anderson KE, Zheng W, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH Smoking, alcohol, coffee, and tea intake and incidence of cancer of the exocrine pancreas: the Iowa Women's Health Study Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 Dec;6(12):1081-6 PMID: 9419407
  12. ↑ Schottenfeld, D. and J. Fraumeni, ed. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 2nd ed., ed. Vol. 1996, Oxford University Press: Oxford
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 W Ye, J Lagergren, E Weiderpass, O Nyrén, H-O Adami, A Ekbom Alcohol abuse and the risk of pancreatic cancer Gut 2002;51:236-239
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Silverman DT, Brown LM, Hoover RN, Schiffman M, Lillemoe KD, Schoenberg JB, Swanson GM, Hayes RB, Greenberg RS, Benichou J, et al Alcohol and pancreatic cancer in blacks and whites in the United States Cancer Res, 1995. 55(21): p. 4899-905. PMID: 7585527
  15. ↑ G W Olsen, J S Mandel, R W Gibson, L W Wattenberg and L M Schuman A case-control study of pancreatic cancer and cigarettes, alcohol, coffee and diet American Journal of Public Health Vol. 79, Issue 8 1016–1019
  16. ↑ Pancreatic cancer risk factors
  17. ↑ Zatonski WA, Boyle P, Przewozniak K, Maisonneuve P, Drosik K, Walker AM Cigarette smoking, alcohol, tea and coffee consumption and pancreas cancer risk: a case-control study from Opole, Poland Int J Cancer 1993 Feb 20;53(4):601-7 PMID: 8436433
  18. ↑ Durbec JP, Chevillotte G, Bidart JM, Berthezene P, Sarles H. Diet, alcohol, tobacco and risk of cancer of the pancreas: a case-control study Br J Cancer 1983 Apr;47(4):463-70.
  19. ↑ Bueno de Mesquita HB, Maisonneuve P, Moerman CJ, Runia S, Boyle P. Lifetime consumption of alcoholic beverages, tea and coffee and exocrine carcinoma of the pancreas: a population-based case-control study in The Netherlands Int J Cancer 1992 Feb 20;50(4):514-22 PMID: 1537615


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