Orbital cellulitis: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 23:26, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S, Tarek Nafee, M.D. [2]
Synonyms and Keywords: Retroseptal cellulitis; Postseptal cellulitis; Retrobulbar cellulitis

For patient information, click here

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Orbital cellulitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Case Studies

Case #1

Related Chapters

Periorbital cellulitis

Template:WikiDoc Sources

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-{{SI}}
 __NOTOC__
+{{Orbital cellulitis}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User: Prashanthsaddala|Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S]], {{TarekNafee}}
+<br>'''''Synonyms and Keywords:''''' Retroseptal cellulitis; Postseptal cellulitis; Retrobulbar cellulitis
+'''For patient information, click [[Orbital cellulitis (patient information)|here]]'''
-== Overview ==
+==[[Orbital cellulitis overview|Overview]]==
-'''Orbital cellulitis''' is a serious infection of the orbital tissues which can lead to restriction of eye movements, loss of vision and even loss of life. '''Orbital cellulitis''' is an inflammation of eye tissues posterior to the [[orbital septum]]. It most commonly refers to an acute spread of infection into the eye socket from either the adjacent sinuses or through the blood. When it affects the rear of the eye, it is known as retro-orbital cellulitis.
-It should not be confused with [[periorbital cellulitis]], which refers to [[cellulitis]] anterior to the septum.
+==[[Orbital cellulitis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
-==Causes==
+==[[Orbital cellulitis classification|Classification]]==
-Orbital cellulitis occurs commonly from bacterial infection spread by the paranasal sinuses. Other ways in which orbital cellulitis may occur is from infection in the blood stream and from an eyelid skin infection. Upper respiratory infection, sinusitis, trauma to the eye, ocular or periocular infection and systemic infection all increase one’s risk of orbital cellulitis.
-[[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]] and beta-hemolytic streptococci are three bacteria that can be responsible for orbital cellulitis.
+==[[Orbital cellulitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
-* [[Staphylococcus aureus]], is a gram-positive bacterium which is the most common of staph infections. Staphylococcus aureus infection can spread to the orbit from the skin. Staph organisms are able to produce toxins which promote their virulence which leads to the inflammatory response seen in orbital cellulitis. Staphylococcus infections are identified by a cluster arrangement on gram stain. Staphylococcus aureus forms large yellow colonies (which is distinct from other Staph infections such as Staphylococcus epidermis which forms white colonies).
+==[[Orbital cellulitis causes|Causes]]==
-* [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]], is also a gram-positive bacterium responsible for orbital cellulitis due to its ability to infect the sinuses ([[sinusitis]]).  Strep organisms are able to determine their own virulence and can invade surrounding tissues causing an inflammatory response seen in orbital cellulitis (similar to Staphyloccoccus aureus). Streptococcal infections are identified on culture by their formation of pairs or chains. Streptococcus pneumoniae produce green (alpha) hemolysis, or partial reduction of red blood cell hemoglobin.
+==[[Orbital cellulitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Orbital cellulitis from other Diseases]]==
-== Diagnosis ==
+==[[Orbital cellulitis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
-Orbital cellulitis should be differentiated from preseptal cellulitis which is confined to structures anterior to orbital septum. Where as, orbital cellulitis involves structures posterior to orbital septum which includes fat and ocular muscles.
-===History and Symptoms===
+==[[Orbital cellulitis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
-Patients present with sudden onset of fever, [[proptosis]], restricted eye movement, and swelling and redness of the eye lids. It is usually caused by a previous sinusitis.
-=== Physical Examination ===
+==[[Orbital cellulitis screening|Screening]]==
-==== Eyes ====
-[[Image:Orbital_Cellulitis.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Orbital Cellulitis<ref>http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages</ref>]]
-<BR>
-==== MRI and CT ====
-[[Image:pre- and post-septal Orbital Cellulitis.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Pre- and post-septal Orbital Cellulitis<ref>http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages</ref>]]
-== Treatment ==
+==[[Orbital cellulitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
-Because of concern for spread of infection, patients must be admitted to the hospital to receive intravenous antibiotics. The feared complications include [[cavernous sinus thrombosis]] and [[meningitis]]. Abscess formation is another complication and may require surgical drainage.
-Orbital cellulitis is considered an ophthalmological emergency.
+==Diagnosis==
+[[Orbital cellulitis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Orbital cellulitis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Orbital cellulitis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Orbital cellulitis x ray|X Ray]] | [[Orbital cellulitis CT|CT]] | [[Orbital cellulitis MRI|MRI]] | [[Orbital cellulitis ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Orbital cellulitis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Orbital cellulitis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
-==See also==
+==Treatment==
+[[Orbital cellulitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Orbital cellulitis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Orbital cellulitis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Orbital cellulitis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Orbital cellulitis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Orbital cellulitis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
+==Case Studies==
+[[Orbital cellulitis case study one|Case #1]]
+==Related Chapters==
 * [[Periorbital cellulitis]]
-==External links==
-* [http://eyelearn.med.utoronto.ca/Lectures05-06/RedEye/05Orbit.htm University of Toronto]
-* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001012.htm MedlinePlus].
-==References==
-* {{cite journal |author=Howe L, Jones N |title=Guidelines for the management of periorbital cellulitis/abscess |journal=Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=725-8 |year=2004 |pmid=15533168}}
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