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{{Obsessive-compulsive disorder}}
{{Obsessive-compulsive disorder}}
{{CMG}}
 
== Overview ==
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Priyanka}} {{Sonya}}, [[User:Abhishek Reddy|Abhishek Reddy]]
==Overview==
It is generally agreed that [[neurotransmitters]], [[biological]], [[psychological]], and environmental factors all play a potential role in causing obsessive–compulsive disorder.


==Causes==
==Causes==
'''Behavioral'''
*Compulsions, according to learning theorists, may be a person's response to [[anxiety]] or [[discomfort]]. Compulsions, in particular, are thought to be responses that help a person avoid or reduce the anxiety and discomfort associated with a particular [[obsession]] or urge.<ref name="pmid18838041">{{cite journal| author=Maia TV, Cooney RE, Peterson BS| title=The neural bases of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adults. | journal=Dev Psychopathol | year= 2008 | volume= 20 | issue= 4 | pages= 1251-83 | pmid=18838041 | doi=10.1017/S0954579408000606 | pmc=3079445 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18838041  }} </ref>
*Some theorists also believe that misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts leads to obsessive and compulsive behaviors. People with OCD misinterpret these intrusive thoughts as being important, personally significant, or having disastrous consequences, and as a result, engage in compulsive behavior to combat, resist, or neutralize the distress they cause.<ref name="pmid18838041">{{cite journal| author=Maia TV, Cooney RE, Peterson BS| title=The neural bases of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adults. | journal=Dev Psychopathol | year= 2008 | volume= 20 | issue= 4 | pages= 1251-83 | pmid=18838041 | doi=10.1017/S0954579408000606 | pmc=3079445 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18838041  }} </ref>
'''Psychological'''
*Different species have evolved to protect themselves by gathering or hoarding food and constantly scanning the environment for potential threats. These [[evolutionary]] traits, which have been passed down through generations, could be a [[psychological]] cause of OCD.<ref>Bracha, H.
(2006). "Human brain evolution and the "Neuroevolutionary Time-depth
Principle:" Implications for the Reclassification of
fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to
warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30 (5): 827–853. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008. PMID 16563589.</ref>
'''Biological'''
*OCD has been linked to abnormalities in the [[neurotransmitter]] [[serotonin]]. Individuals suffering from OCD may have serotonin receptors that are understimulated, according to a theory. This theory is supported by the fact that many OCD patients benefit from the use of [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors]] (SSRIs), a type of antidepressant that increases serotonin availability to serotonin receptors.
<ref>BBC Science and Nature: Human Body and Mind. Causes of OCD. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/articles/disorders/causesofocd.shtml]</ref>
*[[Genetic]] factors may also contribute to OCD.<ref>Abramowitz, Jonathan; et al, Steven; McKay, Dean (2009). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder". The Lancet 374 (9688): 491–9.  doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046. PMID 19880927.</ref>
*In unrelated families with OCD, a mutation in the human serotonin transporter gene, [[hSERT]], has been discovered.<ref>Ozaki, N., D Goldman, W. H., Plotnicov, K., Greenberg, B. D., J Lappalainen, G. R., & Murphy, D. L. (2003). Serotonin transporter missense mutation associated with a complex neuropsychiatric phenotype. Molecular Psychiatry, Volume 8, 933-936. [http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v8/n11/full/4001365a.html]</ref>
*People with OCD had higher volumes of regional grey matter extending from bilateral lenticular nuclei, to the [[caudate nuclei]], and lower volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior [[cingulate gyri]].<ref>PMID 19880927 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19880927]</ref>
*[[PANDAS]], a syndrome linked to Group A [[streptococcal infections]], or immunologic reactions to other pathogens may cause rapid onset of OCD in children and adolescents. <ref>"PANDAS studies are no longer recruiting patients".[http://intramural.nimh.nih.gov/pdn/web.htm] Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2009.</ref>
'''Neurotransmitters role'''
*People with OCD have a different pattern of brain activity than people without OCD, as per brain scans. The scans also reveal different circuitry functioning in the striatum.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/tc/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-causeWebMD/ "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Cause".] 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2011-12-10. </ref>
*Individuals with OCD have abnormal [[dopamine]] and [[serotonin]] activity in various brain regions, which can be classified as dopaminergic hyperfunction in the [[prefrontal cortex]] and serotonergic hypofunction in the [[basal ganglia]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18167420/ "New approach to obsessive-compulsive disorder: dopaminergic theories"]</ref>
'''Stress'''
*OCD is not caused by [[stress]], but it can be triggered by a stressful event. If OCD is not treated, [[anxiety]] and [[stress]] in one's life will significantly worsen symptoms. Problems at school or at work, as well as problems in everyday relationships, could all contribute to a person's OCD becoming more frequent and severe.<ref>[http://www.ocduk.org/what-causes-ocd/ What causes OCD]</ref>
'''Trauma'''
*According to researchers, people who have experienced physical or sexual trauma are more likely to develop OCD.<ref name="pmid19665647">{{cite journal| author=Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, McKay D| title=Obsessive-compulsive disorder. | journal=Lancet | year= 2009 | volume= 374 | issue= 9688 | pages= 491-9 | pmid=19665647 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60240-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19665647  }} </ref>
==Overview==
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
OR
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
OR
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
OR


Psychological
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].


An evolutionary psychology view is that moderate versions of compulsive behavior may have had evolutionary advantages. Examples would be moderate constant checking of hygiene, the hearth, or the environment for enemies. Similarly, hoarding may have had evolutionary advantages. In this view OCD may be the extreme statistical "tail" of such behaviors possibly due to a high amount of predisposing genes.[31]
==Cause[[inflammatory bowel disease|s]]==


Biological
*ymptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
*[Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].


Main article: Biology of obsessive–compulsive disorder
===Common Causes===
Common causes of [disease name] may include:


OCD has been linked to abnormalities with the neurotransmitter serotonin, although it could be either a cause or an effect of these abnormalities. Serotonin is thought to have a role in regulating anxiety. To send chemical messages from one neuron to another, serotonin must bind to the receptor sites located on the neighboring nerve cell. It is hypothesized that the serotonin receptors of OCD sufferers may be relatively understimulated. This suggestion is consistent with the observation that many OCD patients benefit from the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a class of antidepressant medications that allow for more serotonin to be readily available to other nerve cells.[32]
*[Cause1]
*[Cause2]
*[Cause3]


A possible genetic mutation may contribute to OCD. A mutation has been found in the human serotonin transporter gene, hSERT, in unrelated families with OCD.[33] Moreover, data from identical twins supports the existence of a "heritable factor for neurotic anxiety".[34] Further, individuals with OCD are more likely to have first-degree family members exhibiting the same disorders than do matched controls. In cases where OCD develops during childhood, there is a much stronger familial link in the disorder than cases in which OCD develops later in adulthood. In general, genetic factors account for 45-65% of OCD symptoms in children diagnosed with the disorder.[35] Environmental factors also play a role in how these anxiety symptoms are expressed; various studies on this topic are in progress and the presence of a genetic link is not yet definitely established.


People with OCD evince increased grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular nuclei, extending to the caudate nuclei, while decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri.[36][37] These findings contrast with those in people with other anxiety disorders, who evince decreased (rather than increased) grey matter volumes in bilateral lenticular / caudate nuclei, while also decreased grey matter volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri.[37] Orbitofrontal cortex overactivity is attenuated in patients who have successfully responded to SSRI medication, a result believed to be caused by increased stimulation of serotonin receptors 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C.[38] The striatum, linked to planning and the initiation of appropriate actions, has also been implicated; mice genetically engineered with a striatal abnormality exhibit OCD-like behavior, grooming themselves three times as frequently as ordinary mice.[39] Recent evidence supports the possibility of a heritable predisposition for neurological development favoring OCD.[40]
OR


Rapid onset of OCD in children and adolescents may be caused by a syndrome conntected to Group A streptococcal infections (PANDAS)[41][42] or caused by immunologic reactions to other pathogens (PANS).[43]


Neurotransmitters role
*[Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
*[Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].


Main article: Etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of [disease name] include:


Researchers have yet to pinpoint the exact cause of OCD, but brain differences, genetic influences, and environmental factors are being studied. Brain scans of people with OCD have shown that they have different patterns of brain activity than people without OCD and that different functioning of circuitry within a certain part of the brain, the striatum, may cause the disorder. Differences in other parts of the brain and neurotransmitter dysregulation, especially serotonin and dopamine, may also contribute to OCD.[44] Independent studies have consistently found unusual dopamine and serotonin activity in various regions of the brain in individuals with OCD. These can be defined as dopaminergic hyperfunction in the prefrontal cortex and serotonergic hypofunction in the basal ganglia.[45][46][47] Glutamate dysregulation has also been the subject of recent research,[48][49] although its role in the disorder's etiology is not yet clear.
*[Cause1]
*[Cause2]
*[CauseCauses by OrganList the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*Cause 1
*Cause 2
*Cause 3
*Cause 4
*Cause 5
*Cause 6
*Cause 7
*Cause 8
*Cause 9
*Cause 10


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:49, 15 June 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [5]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Priyanka Kumari, M.B.B.S[6] Sonya Gelfand, Abhishek Reddy

Overview

It is generally agreed that neurotransmitters, biological, psychological, and environmental factors all play a potential role in causing obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Causes

Behavioral

  • Compulsions, according to learning theorists, may be a person's response to anxiety or discomfort. Compulsions, in particular, are thought to be responses that help a person avoid or reduce the anxiety and discomfort associated with a particular obsession or urge.[1]
  • Some theorists also believe that misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts leads to obsessive and compulsive behaviors. People with OCD misinterpret these intrusive thoughts as being important, personally significant, or having disastrous consequences, and as a result, engage in compulsive behavior to combat, resist, or neutralize the distress they cause.[1]

Psychological

  • Different species have evolved to protect themselves by gathering or hoarding food and constantly scanning the environment for potential threats. These evolutionary traits, which have been passed down through generations, could be a psychological cause of OCD.[2]

Biological

  • OCD has been linked to abnormalities in the neurotransmitter serotonin. Individuals suffering from OCD may have serotonin receptors that are understimulated, according to a theory. This theory is supported by the fact that many OCD patients benefit from the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a type of antidepressant that increases serotonin availability to serotonin receptors.

[3]

  • In unrelated families with OCD, a mutation in the human serotonin transporter gene, hSERT, has been discovered.[5]
  • People with OCD had higher volumes of regional grey matter extending from bilateral lenticular nuclei, to the caudate nuclei, and lower volumes in bilateral dorsal medial frontal/anterior cingulate gyri.[6]
  • PANDAS, a syndrome linked to Group A streptococcal infections, or immunologic reactions to other pathogens may cause rapid onset of OCD in children and adolescents. [7]

Neurotransmitters role

  • People with OCD have a different pattern of brain activity than people without OCD, as per brain scans. The scans also reveal different circuitry functioning in the striatum.[8]
  • Individuals with OCD have abnormal dopamine and serotonin activity in various brain regions, which can be classified as dopaminergic hyperfunction in the prefrontal cortex and serotonergic hypofunction in the basal ganglia.[9]

Stress

  • OCD is not caused by stress, but it can be triggered by a stressful event. If OCD is not treated, anxiety and stress in one's life will significantly worsen symptoms. Problems at school or at work, as well as problems in everyday relationships, could all contribute to a person's OCD becoming more frequent and severe.[10]

Trauma

  • According to researchers, people who have experienced physical or sexual trauma are more likely to develop OCD.[11]

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

  • ymptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
  • [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].

Common Causes

Common causes of [disease name] may include:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [Cause3]


OR


  • [Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
  • [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of [disease name] include:

  • [Cause1]
  • [Cause2]
  • [CauseCauses by OrganList the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
  • Cause 1
  • Cause 2
  • Cause 3
  • Cause 4
  • Cause 5
  • Cause 6
  • Cause 7
  • Cause 8
  • Cause 9
  • Cause 10

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Maia TV, Cooney RE, Peterson BS (2008). "The neural bases of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adults". Dev Psychopathol. 20 (4): 1251–83. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000606. PMC 3079445. PMID 18838041.
  2. ↑ Bracha, H. (2006). "Human brain evolution and the "Neuroevolutionary Time-depth Principle:" Implications for the Reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30 (5): 827–853. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.008. PMID 16563589.
  3. ↑ BBC Science and Nature: Human Body and Mind. Causes of OCD. [1]
  4. ↑ Abramowitz, Jonathan; et al, Steven; McKay, Dean (2009). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder". The Lancet 374 (9688): 491–9. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055046. PMID 19880927.
  5. ↑ Ozaki, N., D Goldman, W. H., Plotnicov, K., Greenberg, B. D., J Lappalainen, G. R., & Murphy, D. L. (2003). Serotonin transporter missense mutation associated with a complex neuropsychiatric phenotype. Molecular Psychiatry, Volume 8, 933-936. [2]
  6. ↑ PMID 19880927 [3]
  7. ↑ "PANDAS studies are no longer recruiting patients".[4] Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  8. ↑ "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Cause". 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  9. ↑ "New approach to obsessive-compulsive disorder: dopaminergic theories"
  10. ↑ What causes OCD
  11. ↑ Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, McKay D (2009). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder". Lancet. 374 (9688): 491–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60240-3. PMID 19665647.


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