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[[Leukemoid reaction]] is different from [[leukemia]] and from leukoerythroblastosis, in which immature blood cells are present in peripheral blood.
[[Leukemoid reaction]] is different from [[leukemia]] and from leukoerythroblastosis, in which immature blood cells are present in peripheral blood.


==Differential Diagnosis of Causes of {{PAGENAME}} specifically==
==Differential Diagnosis of Causes of {{PAGENAME}} (specifically)==
===By Organ System===
===By Organ System===
{|height:100px" border="1"
{|height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Endomyocardial fibrosis]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atopic dermatitis]], [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]], [[Erythema multiforme]], [[Lepromatous leprosy]], [[Pemphigus vulgaris]], [[Psoriasis]], [[Visceral larva migrans]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allopurinol]], [[Aminophylline]], [[Amitriptyline]], [[Capreomycin]], [[Caspofungin]], [[Chlorpropamide]], [[Clomipramine]], [[Daptomycin]], [[Desipramine]], [[Dinoprostone]], [[Dothiepin]], [[Doxycycline]], [[Enfuvirtide]], [[Ethotoin]], [[Etravirine]], [[Filgrastim]], [[Gold salts]], [[Hydralazine]], [[Imipramine]], [[Lithium]], [[Micafungin]], [[Minocycline]], [[Nalidixic acid]], [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[Nortriptyline]], [[Olanzapine]], [[Oxytetracycline]], [[Pentostatin]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Plerixafor]], [[Procarbazine]], [[Radiotherapy]], [[Sulphonamides]], [[Sulprostone]], [[Tryptophan]], [[Vancomycin]]           
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Plerixafor]]           
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]], [[Hypothyroidism]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Smoking|Tobacco smoking]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[diverticulitis|Colonic diverticulitis]], [[Fasciola hepatica]], [[Gallbladder empyema]], [[Hepatitis A]], [[Hepatitis B]], [[Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma]], [[Splenectomy]], [[Ulcerative colitis]], 
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Colonic diverticulitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Omenn syndrome]]  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist|Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute intermittent porphyria]], [[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome|Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1]], [[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome|Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2]], [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[Acute myeloid leukemia]], [[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]], [[Burkitt lymphoma]], [[Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia]], [[Chronic myeloid leukaemia]], [[Granulocyte colony stimulating factor]], [[Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor]], [[Hairy cell leukaemia]], [[Neutrophilia|Hereditary neutrophilia]], [[Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome]], [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1]], [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2]], [[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 3]], [[Leukemoid reaction]], [[Lymphangitis]], [[Mast cell leukemia]], [[Myelofibrosis]], [[Myeloma]], [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[Acute pancreatitis]], [[Polycythaemia rubra vera]], [[Recurrent hereditary polyserositis]], [[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia]], [[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative disease]]  
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes  
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''  
| '''Infectious Disease'''  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acanthocheilonemiasis]], [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]], [[hydatid disease|Alveolar hydatid disease]], [[Ancylostoma caninum]], [[Ancylostoma duodenale]], [[Angiostrongyliasis]], [[Anisakiasis]], [[Ascariasis]], [[Brucellosis]], [[Chickenpox]], [[Clonorchiasis]], [[Coccidioidomycosis]], [[Congenital syphilis]], [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Dicrocoelium dendriticum fluke]], [[Dracunculiasis]], [[Echinococcus granulosus]], [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[Gnathostomiasis]], [[Hantavirus]], [[Hepatitis A]], [[Hepatitis B]], [[Heterophyiasis]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Lepromatous leprosy]], [[Loa loa filariasis]], [[Lymphangitis]], [[filariasis|Lymphatic filariasis]], [[Mansonelliasis]], [[Metagonimiasis]], [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]], [[Onchocerciasis]], [[Opisthorchiasis]], [[Paragonimiasis]], [[Rubella]], [[Scabies|Sarcoptes scabiei]], [[Schistosoma haematobium]], [[Schistosoma mansoni]], [[Strongyloidiasis]], [[Toxocariasis]], [[Toxoplasma]], [[Trichinella|Trichinella spiralis]], [[Visceral larva migrans]], [[Whooping cough]]          
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes          
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]], [[Acute myeloid leukemia]], [[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]], [[Burkitt lymphoma]], [[Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia]], [[Chronic myeloid leukaemia]], [[Hairy cell leukaemia]], [[Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[Mast cell leukemia]], [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[Paraneoplastic syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]], [[hydatid disease|Alveolar hydatid disease]], [[Bronchial asthma]], [[Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]], [[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[ARDS|Severe acute respiratory syndrome]], [[pulmonary eosinophilia|Simple pulmonary eosinophilia]], [[Smoking|Tobacco smoking]], [[Pulmonary eosinophilia|Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia]], [[Visceral larva migrans]], [[Wegener granulomatosis]], [[Whooping cough]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Interstitial nephritis]], [[Wegener granulomatosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''  
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]], [[Bronchial asthma]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]], [[Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome]], [[cellulitis|Eosinophilic cellulitis]], [[Eosinophilic fasciitis]], [[Folliculitis|Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis]], [[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]], [[eosinophilia|Familial eosinophilia]], [[Fasciola hepatica]], [[Hypereosinophilic syndrome]], [[Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist]] deficiency, [[Interleukin 2]], [[Polyarteritis nodosa]], [[Polymyositis]], [[Rheumatoid arthritis|Rheumatoid disease]], [[Serum sickness]], [[Still's disease|Still disease, adult-onset]], [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Uric acid|Urate crystal]] [[arthropathy]]        
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes        
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Secondary syphilis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cholesterol embolism]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angiolymphoid hyperplasia]], [[Capillaria]], Kimura disease, [[Kostmann disease]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===In alphabetical order<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>===
===In alphabetical order<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>===
*[[Acanthocheilonemiasis]]
*[[Acute intermittent porphyria]]
*[[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia]]
*[[Acute myeloid leukemia]]
*[[Acute promyelocytic leukemia]]
*[[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]]
*[[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis]]
*[[Allopurinol]]
*[[Alveolar hydatid disease]]
*[[Aminophylline]]
*[[Amitriptyline]]
*[[Ancylostoma caninum]]
*[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]
*Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia
*[[Angiostrongyliasis]]
*[[Anisakiasis]]
*[[Ascariasis]]
*[[Atopic dermatitis]]
*[[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome|Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1]]
*[[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome|Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2]]
*[[Bronchial asthma]]
*[[Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia]]
*[[Brucellosis]]
*[[Burkitt lymphoma]]
*[[Capillaria]]
*[[Capreomycin]]
*[[Caspofungin]]
*[[Chickenpox]]
*[[Chlorpropamide]]
*[[Cholesterol embolism]]
*[[Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia]]
*[[Chronic myeloid leukaemia]]
*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
*[[Clomipramine]]
*[[Clonorchiasis]]
*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
*[[Colonic diverticulitis]]
*[[Colonic diverticulitis]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist|Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist deficiency]]
*[[Daptomycin]]
*[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
*[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]
*[[Plerixafor]]
*[[Desipramine]]
*[[Dicrocoelium dendriticum fluke]]
*[[Dinoprostone]]
*[[Dothiepin]]
*[[Doxycycline]]
*[[Dracunculiasis]]
*[[Echinococcus granulosus]]
*[[Endomyocardial fibrosis]]
*[[Enfuvirtide]]
*[[Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome]]
*[[cellulitis|Eosinophilic cellulitis]]
*[[fasciitis|Eosinophilic fasciitis]]
*[[folliculitis|Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis]]
*[[Epstein-Barr virus]]
*[[Erythema multiforme]]
*[[Ethotoin]]
*[[Etravirine]]
*[[Extrinsic allergic alveolitis]]
*[[eosinophilia|Familial eosinophilia]]
*[[Fasciola hepatica]]
*[[Filgrastim]]
*[[Gallbladder empyema]]
*[[Gnathostomiasis]]
*[[Gold salts]]
*[[Granulocyte colony stimulating factor]]
*[[Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor]]
*[[Hairy cell leukaemia]]
*[[Hantavirus]]
*[[Hepatitis A]]
*[[Hepatitis B]]
*[[Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma]]
*[[Heterophyiasis]]
*[[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
*[[Hydralazine]]
*[[Hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
*[[Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D and periodic fever syndrome]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
*[[Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist|Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist deficiency]]
*[[Interleukin 2]]
*[[Interstitial nephritis]]
*Kimura disease
*[[Kostmann disease]]
*[[Lepromatous leprosy]]
*[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1]]
*[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2]]
*[[Leukocyte adhesion deficiency|Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 3]]
*[[Leukemoid reaction]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Loa loa filariasis]]
*[[Lymphangitis]]
*[[Lymphatic filariasis]]
*[[Mansonelliasis]]
*[[Mast cell leukemia]]
*[[Metagonimiasis]]
*[[Micafungin]]
*[[Minocycline]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Myelofibrosis]]
*[[Myeloma]]
*[[Nalidixic acid]]
*[[Neuroleptic malignant syndrome]]
*[[Neutrophilia|Neutrophilia (hereditary)]]
*[[Nitrofurantoin]]
*[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
*[[Nortriptyline]]
*[[Olanzapine]]
*[[Omenn syndrome]]
*[[Onchocerciasis]]
*[[Opisthorchiasis]]
*[[Oxytetracycline]]
*[[Acute pancreatitis|Pancreatitis (acute)]]
*[[Paragonimiasis]]
*[[Paraneoplastic syndrome]]
*[[Pemphigus vulgaris]]
*[[Pentostatin]]
*[[Phenytoin]]  
*[[Plerixafor]]
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
*[[Polycythaemia rubra vera]]
*[[Polymyositis]]
*[[Procarbazine]]
*[[Psoriasis]]
*[[Radiotherapy]]
*[[Recurrent hereditary polyserositis]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis|Rheumatoid disease]]
*[[Rubella]]
*[[Sarcoptes scabiei]]
*[[Schistosoma haematobium]]
*[[Schistosoma mansoni]]
*[[Secondary syphilis]]
*[[Serum sickness]]
*[[ARDS|Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]
*[[pulmonary eosinophilia|Simple pulmonary eosinophilia]]]
*[[Splenectomy]]
*[[Still's disease|Still disease (adult-onset)]]
*[[Strongyloidiasis]]
*[[Sulphonamides]]
*[[Sulprostone]]
*[[Congenital syphilis|Syphilis (congenital)]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Smoking|Tobacco smoking]]
*[[Toxocariasis]]
*[[Toxoplasma]]
*[[Trichinella spiralis]]
*[[pulmonary eosinophilia|Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia]]
*[[Tryptophan]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Uric acid|Urate crystal]] [[arthropathy]]
*[[Vancomycin]]
*[[Visceral larva migrans]]
*[[Waldenström's macroglobulinemia]]
*[[Wegener granulomatosis]]
*[[Whooping cough]]
*[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]
*[[X-linked lymphoproliferative disease]]


==Related Chapters==
==Related Chapters==

Revision as of 14:43, 26 April 2012

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List of terms related to Leukocytosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Granulocytosis, neutrophilia

Overview

Leukocytosis is an elevation of the white blood cell count (the leukocyte count) above the normal range. The normal adult human leukocyte count in peripheral blood is 4.4-10.8 x 109/L. A white blood count of 11.0 x 109/L or more suggests leukocytosis. Often, the word refers to an increased neutrophil granulocyte count, as neutrophils are the main granulocytes. An increase in eosinophil granulocyte is known as eosinophilia. Granulocytosis can be a feature of a number of disease processes including infection, especially bacteria; malignancy, most notably leukemia (it is the main feature of chronic myelogenous leukemia, CML) and autoimmune disease. Although it may be a sign of illness, leukocytosis in-and-of itself is not a disorder, nor is it a disease. It is simply a laboratory finding.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Leukocytosis is very common in acutely ill patients. It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, cancer, hemorrhage, and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids. Leukocytosis can also be the first indication of neoplastic growth of leukocytes.

Pathophysiology

The mechanism that causes leukocytosis can be of several forms: an increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools, decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls, decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues, or an increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow.

Classification Scheme

Leukocytosis can be subcategorized by the type of white blood cell that is increased in number.

Granulocytosis / Neutrophilia

Granulocytosis or neutrophilia is a subcategory of leukocytosis in which neutrophil count is elevated.

For complete list of conditions that cause neutrophilia, click here

Eosinophilia

Eosinophilia is a subcategory of leukocytosis in which eosinophil count is elevated.

For complete list of conditions that cause eosinophilia, click here

Monocytosis

Monocytosis is a subcategory of leukocytosis in which monocyte count is elevated.

For complete list of conditions that cause monocytosis, click here

Lymphocytosis

Lymphocytosis is a subcategory of leukocytosis in which lymphocyte count is elevated.

Leukemoid Reaction

A leukocyte count of above 25 to 30 x 109/L is termed as leukemoid reaction. This occurs as a reaction of healthy bone marrow to extreme stress, trauma, or infection.

Leukemoid reaction is different from leukemia and from leukoerythroblastosis, in which immature blood cells are present in peripheral blood.

Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Leukocytosis (specifically)

By Organ System

Cardiovascular [No underlying causes
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Plerixafor
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Colonic diverticulitis
Genetic Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist deficiency
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

In alphabetical order[1] [2]

Related Chapters

References

  1. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X

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