Kidney stone overview: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 00:29, 10 July 2017
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Kidney stone Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Kidney stone overview On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Kidney stone overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Kidney stones are solid concretions (crystal aggregations) of dissolved minerals in urine; calculi typically form inside the kidneys or bladder.
Renal calculi can vary in size from as small as grains of sand to as large as grapefruit. Kidney stones typically leave the body by passage in the urine stream, and many stones are formed and passed without causing symptoms. If stones grow to sufficient size before passage — on the order of at least 2-3 millimeters — they can cause obstruction of the ureter. The resulting obstruction with dilation or stretching of the upper ureter and renal pelvis as well as spasm of muscle, trying to move the stone, can cause severe episodic pain, most commonly felt in the flank, lower abdomen and groin (a condition called renal colic). Renal colic can be associated with nausea and vomiting due to the embyrological association of the kidneys with the intestinal tract. Hematuria (bloody urine) is commonly present due to damage to the lining of the urinary tract. Recurrence rates are estimated at about 10% per year. Men are affected approximately 4 times more often than women.
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Clinical diagnosis is usually made on the basis of the location and severity of the pain, which is typically colic in nature (comes and goes in spasmodic waves).
Ultrasonography
Imaging is used to confirm the diagnosis and a number of other tests can be undertaken to help establish both the possible cause and consequences of the stone.