Kidney stone causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

Kidney stones can be due to underlying metabolic conditions, such as renal tubular acidosis, Dent's disease and medullary sponge kidney. Many health facilities will screen for such disorders in patients with recurrent kidney stones. This is typically done with a 24 hour urine collection that is chemically analyzed for deficiencies and excesses that promote stone formation.

• Calcium nephrolithiasis
• Cystine
• Drug induced
• High urine pH
• High urinary sodium
• Hypercalciuria
• Hyperoxaluria
• Hyperuricosuria
• Hypocitaturia
• Hypomagnesiuria
• Inadequate amounts of inhibitors of stone formation
• Infection with urea splitting microorganisms
• Low urine volume
• Low urine pH
• Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation
• Struvite
• Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in urine
• Uric acid nephrolithiasis
• Urinary obstruction
• Urinary stasis

Calcium Stones

• Bone metastasis
• Cushing's syndrome
• Distal renal tubular acidosis
• Excessive Vitamin C intake
• Hypercalcemia
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hyperoxaluria
• Hyperuricosuria
• Hypophosphaturia
• Idiopathic hypercalciuria
• Increased intestinal absorption of oxalates
• Leukemia
• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Osteoporosis
• Paget's Disease
• Sarcoidosis
• Tumor hypercalcemias
• Hypervitaminosis D

Infectious Stones

• Klebsiella
• Proteus
• Pseudomonas

Uric Acid Stones

• Alcohol abuse
• Dehydration
• Drugs
• Gout
• Purine metabolism
• Tumor
• Idiopathic

Congenital Stones

• Cystinuria