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{{Hearing impairment}}


==Social Impact==
.'''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [[Mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com|[1]]]; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:'''{{Hearing impairment}}
=== Pre-lingual impairment ===


''See also: [[Prelingual deafness]]''
== Overview ==
Age-related hearing loss has been independently associated with worse [[quality of life]], [[depression]], [[Social isolation|social isolation,]] functional decline, increase falls, increased [[hospitalization]] and [[Health care|health care use]], and accelerated [[Cognitive|cognitive decline]], and [[Dementia|increase risk of dementia]]. [[Hearing aids]] or [[cochlear implants]] may improve [[Communication Service for the Deaf|communication]], [[Social anxiety|social]] and emotional function, and [[cognitive]] function.


In children, hearing loss can lead to social isolation for several reasons. First, the child experiences delayed [[social development]] that is in large part tied to delayed [[language acquisition]]. It is also directly tied to their inability to pick up auditory social cues. This can result in a deaf person becoming generally irritable. A child who uses sign language, or identifies with the [[deaf culture|deaf sub-culture]] does not generally experience this isolation, particularly if he/she attends a school for the deaf, but may conversely experience isolation from his parents if they do not know [[sign language]]. A child who is exclusively or predominantly oral (using speech for communication) can experience social isolation from his or her hearing peers, particularly if no one takes the time to explicitly teach her social skills that other children acquire independently by virtue of having normal hearing. Finally, a child who has a severe impairment and uses some sign language may be rejected by his or her deaf peers, because of an understandable hesitation in abandoning the use of existent verbal and speech-reading skills. Some in the deaf community can view this as a rejection of their own culture and its mores, and therefore will reject the individual preemptively.
==Social Impact<ref name="pmid33253610">{{cite journal| author=Nieman CL, Oh ES| title=Hearing Loss. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2020 | volume= 173 | issue= 11 | pages= ITC81-ITC96 | pmid=33253610 | doi=10.7326/AITC202012010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33253610  }}</ref>==


=== Post-lingual impairment ===
*Access to effective communication with the surrounding is lost. Many large epidemiologic studies have documented a number of negative results associated with hearing loss in the context of healthy aging. Age-related hearing loss has been independently associated with worse [[quality of life]], [[depression]], [[Social isolation|social isolation,]] functional decline, increase falls, increased [[hospitalization]] and [[Health care|health care use]], and accelerated [[Cognitive|cognitive decline]], and [[Dementia|increase risk of dementia]].
 
*Hearing loss also affects social relationships, the [[quality of life]], [[Psychological|psychological aspects]], [[motor skills]], and [[Function (biology)|function]] and morphology in specific portions of the brain. Mild, moderate, and severe hearing loss had a 2-, 3-, and 5-fold increased risk, respectively, for incident [[dementia]].<ref name="pmid27214827">{{cite journal| author=Fortunato S, Forli F, Guglielmi V, De Corso E, Paludetti G, Berrettini S | display-authors=etal| title=A review of new insights on the association between hearing loss and cognitive decline in ageing. | journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | year= 2016 | volume= 36 | issue= 3 | pages= 155-66 | pmid=27214827 | doi=10.14639/0392-100X-993 | pmc=4977003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27214827  }}</ref>
Those who lose their hearing later in life, such as in late adolescence or adulthood, face their own challenges. For example, they must adjust to living with the adaptations that make it possible for them to live independently. They may have to adapt to using hearing aids or a cochlear implant, develop speech-reading skills, and/or learn sign language. The affected person may need to use a [http://wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Teleprinter&action=edit&redlink=1 TTY] (teletype), interpreter, or relay service to communicate over the telephone. Loneliness and depression can arise as a result of isolation (from the inability to communicate with friends and loved ones) and difficulty in accepting their disability. The challenge is made greater by the need for those around them to adapt to the person's hearing loss.
*The limited ability to comprehend and respond may reduce the cognitive resources available for auditory perception, increasing the effects of hearing loss. So cognitive impairment worsens hearing loss.
 
*Increase risk for [[social isolation]], increased [[cognitive]] load, and altered [[Cortical area|cortical]] processing.
Many relationships have suffered because of the anger that occurs when there is general miscommunication between family members. Generally, it's not only the person with a hearing disability that feels isolated, but others around them who feel they are not being "heard" or paid attention to, especially when the hearing loss has been gradual. Many people opt not to choose hearing aids for fear of looking old, since hearing loss is usually associated with old age, which equals ineffectiveness in some societies. Family members then feel as if their hearing loss partner doesn't care about them enough to make changes to reduce their disability and make it easier to communicate.
*Hearing loss should be considered when performing a [[Geriatrics|geriatric]] assessment for cognitive testing in elderly subjects. To minimize any false-positive results, several [[Neurocognitive|neurocognitive tests]] were transformed into non-auditory versions recently, eg the commonly used Hearing-Impaired Montreal Cognitive Assessment. This test excludes the use of the [[auditory system]] for the assessment of cognition in the elderly.<ref name="pmid33408469">{{cite journal| author=Völter C, Götze L, Dazert S, Wirth R, Thomas JP| title=Impact of Hearing Loss on Geriatric Assessment. | journal=Clin Interv Aging | year= 2020 | volume= 15 | issue=  | pages= 2453-2467 | pmid=33408469 | doi=10.2147/CIA.S281627 | pmc=7779803 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=33408469  }}</ref>
=== Assistance Devices===
*A study conducted on 50 individuals with presbycusis does not show any social involvement related to hearing loss.<ref name="pmid7299090">{{cite journal| author=Norris ML, Cunningham DR| title=Social impact of hearing loss in the aged. | journal=J Gerontol | year= 1981 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 727-9 | pmid=7299090 | doi=10.1093/geronj/36.6.727 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7299090  }}</ref>
* [[Hearing dog]]s, a category of [[assistance dog]]s, are trained to help those with hearing impairments.
*Effective treatment with [[hearing aids]] or [[cochlear implants]] may improve [[Communication Service for the Deaf|communication]], [[Social anxiety|social]] and emotional function, and [[cognitive]] function and positively impact the [[quality of life]].<ref name="pmid272148272">{{cite journal| author=Fortunato S, Forli F, Guglielmi V, De Corso E, Paludetti G, Berrettini S | display-authors=etal| title=A review of new insights on the association between hearing loss and cognitive decline in ageing. | journal=Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital | year= 2016 | volume= 36 | issue= 3 | pages= 155-66 | pmid=27214827 | doi=10.14639/0392-100X-993 | pmc=4977003 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27214827  }}</ref>
* The advent of the internet's World Wide Web and [[closed captioning]] has given the hearing impaired unprecedented access to information. Electronic mail and online chat have reduced the need for deaf and hard of hearing people to use a third-party [[Telecommunications Relay Service]] in order to communicate with the hearing and other hearing impaired people.


==References==
==References==
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{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Communication disorders]]
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[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
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[[Category:Noise pollution]]
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[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
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Latest revision as of 08:41, 8 May 2021


.Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [[1]]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

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Overview

Age-related hearing loss has been independently associated with worse quality of life, depression, social isolation, functional decline, increase falls, increased hospitalization and health care use, and accelerated cognitive decline, and increase risk of dementia. Hearing aids or cochlear implants may improve communication, social and emotional function, and cognitive function.

Social Impact[1]

  • Access to effective communication with the surrounding is lost. Many large epidemiologic studies have documented a number of negative results associated with hearing loss in the context of healthy aging. Age-related hearing loss has been independently associated with worse quality of life, depression, social isolation, functional decline, increase falls, increased hospitalization and health care use, and accelerated cognitive decline, and increase risk of dementia.
  • Hearing loss also affects social relationships, the quality of life, psychological aspects, motor skills, and function and morphology in specific portions of the brain. Mild, moderate, and severe hearing loss had a 2-, 3-, and 5-fold increased risk, respectively, for incident dementia.[2]
  • The limited ability to comprehend and respond may reduce the cognitive resources available for auditory perception, increasing the effects of hearing loss. So cognitive impairment worsens hearing loss.
  • Increase risk for social isolation, increased cognitive load, and altered cortical processing.
  • Hearing loss should be considered when performing a geriatric assessment for cognitive testing in elderly subjects. To minimize any false-positive results, several neurocognitive tests were transformed into non-auditory versions recently, eg the commonly used Hearing-Impaired Montreal Cognitive Assessment. This test excludes the use of the auditory system for the assessment of cognition in the elderly.[3]
  • A study conducted on 50 individuals with presbycusis does not show any social involvement related to hearing loss.[4]
  • Effective treatment with hearing aids or cochlear implants may improve communication, social and emotional function, and cognitive function and positively impact the quality of life.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Nieman CL, Oh ES (2020). "Hearing Loss". Ann Intern Med. 173 (11): ITC81–ITC96. doi:10.7326/AITC202012010. PMID 33253610 Check |pmid= value (help).
  2. ↑ Fortunato S, Forli F, Guglielmi V, De Corso E, Paludetti G, Berrettini S; et al. (2016). "A review of new insights on the association between hearing loss and cognitive decline in ageing". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 36 (3): 155–66. doi:10.14639/0392-100X-993. PMC 4977003. PMID 27214827.
  3. ↑ Völter C, Götze L, Dazert S, Wirth R, Thomas JP (2020). "Impact of Hearing Loss on Geriatric Assessment". Clin Interv Aging. 15: 2453–2467. doi:10.2147/CIA.S281627. PMC 7779803 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33408469 Check |pmid= value (help).
  4. ↑ Norris ML, Cunningham DR (1981). "Social impact of hearing loss in the aged". J Gerontol. 36 (6): 727–9. doi:10.1093/geronj/36.6.727. PMID 7299090.
  5. ↑ Fortunato S, Forli F, Guglielmi V, De Corso E, Paludetti G, Berrettini S; et al. (2016). "A review of new insights on the association between hearing loss and cognitive decline in ageing". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 36 (3): 155–66. doi:10.14639/0392-100X-993. PMC 4977003. PMID 27214827.

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