Glaucoma overview: Difference between revisions
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{{Glaucoma}} | {{Glaucoma}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{RBS}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Glaucoma is not a single disease but a group of disorders characterized by a progressive [[optic atrophy|optic neuropathy]], leading to a characteristic appearance of the optic disc and a specific pattern of irreversible [[visual field|visual field defects]] that are associated frequently but not invariably with raised [[intraocular pressure]]. The normal range of [[IOP|eye pressure]] in general population is usually between 10-22 mmHg. Untreated glaucoma leads to permanent damage of the [[optic nerve]] and resultant [[visual field]] loss, which can progress to [[blindness]]. | |||
== Historical Perspective == | |||
== Classification == | |||
== Pathophysiology == | |||
== Causes == | |||
== Differentiating Glaucoma from Other Diseases == | |||
== Epidemiology and Demographics == | |||
== Risk Factors == | |||
==Screening== | |||
Due to an insidious beginning of the disease, slow progression which is usually not noticed by the patient, screening is essential for glaucoma.The purpose of glaucoma screening tests is to diagnose the disease in the pre-perimetric stage disease, so that these patients can be treated to reduce the risk of subsequent visual field loss. The screening tests in the pre-perimetric glaucoma, screening tests are limited to the evaluation of the optic nerve and the nerve fiber layer. | |||
To evaluate the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer imaging is used to find anatomic alterations using the OCT of the optic nerve; the new spectral domain OCT is used to screen for loss of the retinal fiber layer in glaucoma. High clinical suspicion is paramount, the increase in vertical cup/disc ratio, the appearance of cup notching or hemorrhages in the disc are considered as a positive screening for glaucoma.<ref name="pmid28823839">{{cite journal |vauthors=Poli M, Colange J, Goutagny B, Sellem E |title=[Glaucoma and optic nerve drusen: Limitations of optic nerve head OCT] |language=French |journal=J Fr Ophtalmol |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=542–546 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28823839 |doi=10.1016/j.jfo.2016.07.027 |url=}}</ref>A decreased visual acuity, high or borderline intraocular pressure, or a characteristic glaucomatous vertical optic nerve excavation or disc hemorrhages studies point towards an early stage of pre-perimetric glaucoma. To assess the patient further corneal pachymetry, optic nerve head OCT and a 24:2 visual field are required. | |||
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis == | |||
== Diagnosis == | |||
=== Diagnostic study of choice === | |||
=== History and symptoms === | |||
=== Physical examination === | |||
=== Laboratory findings === | |||
=== Electrocardiogram === | |||
=== X-ray === | |||
=== CT scan === | |||
=== MRI === | |||
=== Other imaging findings === | |||
=== Other diagnostic studies === | |||
==Treatment== | |||
===Medical Therapy=== | |||
Although [[IOP|intraocular pressure]] is only one major risk factors of glaucoma, lowering it via [[pharmaceutical]]s or [[surgery]] is currently the mainstay of glaucoma treatment. In Europe, Japan, and Canada [[laser]] treatment is often the first line of [[therapy]]. In the U.S., adoption of early [[laser]] has lagged, even though prospective, multi-centered, peer-reviewed studies, since the early '90s, have shown [[laser]] to be at least as effective as [[topical]] medications in controlling [[intraocular pressure]] and preserving [[visual field]]. Some studies suggest that [[acupuncture]] can be very helpful in the treatment of glaucoma<ref name="Acu-Study">Clinical application of acupuncture in ophthalmology. Dabov S; Goutoranov G; Ivanova R; Petkova N Acupunct Electrother Res 1985, 10 (1-2) p79-93</ref>. | |||
===Surgery=== | |||
[[Glaucoma]] is a group of diseases affecting the [[optic nerve]] that results in [[vision loss]] and is frequently characterized by raised [[intraocular pressure]] (IOP). There are many glaucoma [[surgery|surgeries]], and variations or combinations of those [[surgery|surgeries]], that facilitate the escape of excess [[aqueous humor]] from the eye to lower [[intraocular pressure]], and a few that lower [[IOP]] by decreasing the production of [[aqueous humor|aqueous]]. | |||
===Primary Prevention=== | |||
[[ | There is no way to prevent ''open-angle glaucoma'', but one can prevent [[vision loss]] from the condition. Early [[diagnosis]] and careful management are the keys to preventing [[vision loss]]. Most people with open-angle glaucoma have no [[symptom]]s. Everyone over age 40 should have an [[eye examination]] at least once every 5 years, and more often if in a high-risk group. Those in high-risk groups include people with a family history of open-angle glaucoma and people of African heritage. Such high-risk groups should have a comprehensive [[mydriasis|dilated]] [[eye exam]] at least once every two years. People at high risk for ''[[acute]] glaucoma'' may opt to undergo [[iridotomy]] before having an attack. | ||
===Secondary Prevention=== | |||
Patients who have had an [[acute]] episode in the past may have [[iridotomy]] to prevent a recurrence. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]] | [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]] | ||
[[Category:Blindness]] | [[Category:Blindness]] | ||
[[Category:Ophthalmology]] | [[Category:Ophthalmology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Mature chapter]] | [[Category:Mature chapter]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:52, 29 July 2020
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Glaucoma overview On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Glaucoma overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan Bir Singh, M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Glaucoma is not a single disease but a group of disorders characterized by a progressive optic neuropathy, leading to a characteristic appearance of the optic disc and a specific pattern of irreversible visual field defects that are associated frequently but not invariably with raised intraocular pressure. The normal range of eye pressure in general population is usually between 10-22 mmHg. Untreated glaucoma leads to permanent damage of the optic nerve and resultant visual field loss, which can progress to blindness.
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Glaucoma from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Due to an insidious beginning of the disease, slow progression which is usually not noticed by the patient, screening is essential for glaucoma.The purpose of glaucoma screening tests is to diagnose the disease in the pre-perimetric stage disease, so that these patients can be treated to reduce the risk of subsequent visual field loss. The screening tests in the pre-perimetric glaucoma, screening tests are limited to the evaluation of the optic nerve and the nerve fiber layer.
To evaluate the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer imaging is used to find anatomic alterations using the OCT of the optic nerve; the new spectral domain OCT is used to screen for loss of the retinal fiber layer in glaucoma. High clinical suspicion is paramount, the increase in vertical cup/disc ratio, the appearance of cup notching or hemorrhages in the disc are considered as a positive screening for glaucoma.[1]A decreased visual acuity, high or borderline intraocular pressure, or a characteristic glaucomatous vertical optic nerve excavation or disc hemorrhages studies point towards an early stage of pre-perimetric glaucoma. To assess the patient further corneal pachymetry, optic nerve head OCT and a 24:2 visual field are required.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic study of choice
History and symptoms
Physical examination
Laboratory findings
Electrocardiogram
X-ray
CT scan
MRI
Other imaging findings
Other diagnostic studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Although intraocular pressure is only one major risk factors of glaucoma, lowering it via pharmaceuticals or surgery is currently the mainstay of glaucoma treatment. In Europe, Japan, and Canada laser treatment is often the first line of therapy. In the U.S., adoption of early laser has lagged, even though prospective, multi-centered, peer-reviewed studies, since the early '90s, have shown laser to be at least as effective as topical medications in controlling intraocular pressure and preserving visual field. Some studies suggest that acupuncture can be very helpful in the treatment of glaucoma[2].
Surgery
Glaucoma is a group of diseases affecting the optic nerve that results in vision loss and is frequently characterized by raised intraocular pressure (IOP). There are many glaucoma surgeries, and variations or combinations of those surgeries, that facilitate the escape of excess aqueous humor from the eye to lower intraocular pressure, and a few that lower IOP by decreasing the production of aqueous.
Primary Prevention
There is no way to prevent open-angle glaucoma, but one can prevent vision loss from the condition. Early diagnosis and careful management are the keys to preventing vision loss. Most people with open-angle glaucoma have no symptoms. Everyone over age 40 should have an eye examination at least once every 5 years, and more often if in a high-risk group. Those in high-risk groups include people with a family history of open-angle glaucoma and people of African heritage. Such high-risk groups should have a comprehensive dilated eye exam at least once every two years. People at high risk for acute glaucoma may opt to undergo iridotomy before having an attack.
Secondary Prevention
Patients who have had an acute episode in the past may have iridotomy to prevent a recurrence.
References
- ↑ Poli M, Colange J, Goutagny B, Sellem E (September 2017). "[Glaucoma and optic nerve drusen: Limitations of optic nerve head OCT]". J Fr Ophtalmol (in French). 40 (7): 542–546. doi:10.1016/j.jfo.2016.07.027. PMID 28823839.
- ↑ Clinical application of acupuncture in ophthalmology. Dabov S; Goutoranov G; Ivanova R; Petkova N Acupunct Electrother Res 1985, 10 (1-2) p79-93