Gallstone disease risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==


Common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include [[Ageing|age]], sex, [[pregnancy]], and [[Oral contraceptive|oral contraceptives]] and estrogen replacement therapy. Less common risk factors include rapid [[weight loss]], prolonged [[total parenteral nutrition]] and hepatic and biliary [[cirrhosis]].
Common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include [[Ageing|age]], sex, [[pregnancy]], and [[Oral contraceptive|oral contraceptives]] and [[estrogen replacement therapy]]. Less common risk factors include rapid [[weight loss]], prolonged [[total parenteral nutrition]] and [[hepatic]] and [[biliary]] [[cirrhosis]].


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
===Common Risk Factors===
===Common Risk Factors===
*Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of gallstone disease include:<ref name="pmid3653855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A |title=A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study |journal=Hepatology |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=913–7 |year=1987 |pmid=3653855 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2642879">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP |title=Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=96 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=487–92 |year=1989 |pmid=2642879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7817971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D |title=Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.) |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=158–65 |year=1995 |pmid=7817971 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8423030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F |title=Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium |journal=Hepatology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8423030 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of gallstone disease include:<ref name="pmid3653855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A |title=A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study |journal=Hepatology |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=913–7 |year=1987 |pmid=3653855 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2642879">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP |title=Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=96 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=487–92 |year=1989 |pmid=2642879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7817971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D |title=Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.) |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=158–65 |year=1995 |pmid=7817971 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8423030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F |title=Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium |journal=Hepatology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8423030 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Age
**'''Age'''
***Age is the most important risk factor and the most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69  
***Age is the most important risk factor.
***The most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69 years.
***[[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]] rarely exists in children unless in a [[Hemolysis|hemolytic state]].
***[[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]] rarely exists in children unless in a [[Hemolysis|hemolytic state]].
**Gender
**'''Gender'''
***A higher incidence is noted in [[Female|women]] across all age groups
***A higher incidence is noted in [[Female|women]] across all age groups.
**[[Race]]  
**[[Race|'''Race''']]  
***Common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest [[incidence]]
***Gallstone disease is common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest [[incidence]].
**[[Pregnancy]]  
**[[Pregnancy|'''Pregnancy''']]  
***Cholesterol gallstone incidence in pregnant women is very common, paarticularly in [[Parity (medicine)|multiparous]] women
***Cholesterol gallstone incidence in [[pregnant]] women is very common, paarticularly in [[Parity (medicine)|multiparous]] women.
**[[Diabetes mellitus type 2|Diabetes Mellitus Type 2]]
**[[Diabetes mellitus type 2|'''Diabetes Mellitus Type 2''']]
***Uncontrolled [[diabetes mellitus]] will cause motility problems in the gallbladder
***Uncontrolled [[diabetes mellitus]] will cause motility problems in the gallbladder.
**[[Obesity]]
**[[Obesity|'''Obesity''']]
***Related to a high fat or high cholesterol diet
***Obesity is related to a high fat or high [[cholesterol]] diet.


===Less Common Risk Factors===<ref name="pmid8512160">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maringhini A, Ciambra M, Baccelliere P, Raimondo M, Orlando A, Tinè F, Grasso R, Randazzo MA, Barresi L, Gullo D, Musico M, Pagliaro L |title=Biliary sludge and gallstones in pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and natural history |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=116–20 |year=1993 |pmid=8512160 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3557002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Apstein MD, Dalecki-Chipperfield K |title=Spinal cord injury is a risk factor for gallstone disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=966–8 |year=1987 |pmid=3557002 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8419252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Quigley EM, Marsh MN, Shaffer JL, Markin RS |title=Hepatobiliary complications of total parenteral nutrition |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=286–301 |year=1993 |pmid=8419252 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7926514">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hussaini SH, Murphy GM, Kennedy C, Besser GM, Wass JA, Dowling RH |title=The role of bile composition and physical chemistry in the pathogenesis of octreotide-associated gallbladder stones |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=1503–13 |year=1994 |pmid=7926514 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11318529">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caroli-Bosc FX, Le Gall P, Pugliese P, Delabre B, Caroli-Bosc C, Demarquay JF, Delmont JP, Rampal P, Montet JC |title=Role of fibrates and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in gallstone formation: epidemiological study in an unselected population |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=540–4 |year=2001 |pmid=11318529 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Less Common Risk Factors===
*Less common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include:
*Less common risk factorsin the development of gallstone disease include:<ref name="pmid8512160">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maringhini A, Ciambra M, Baccelliere P, Raimondo M, Orlando A, Tinè F, Grasso R, Randazzo MA, Barresi L, Gullo D, Musico M, Pagliaro L |title=Biliary sludge and gallstones in pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and natural history |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=116–20 |year=1993 |pmid=8512160 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3557002">{{cite journal |vauthors=Apstein MD, Dalecki-Chipperfield K |title=Spinal cord injury is a risk factor for gallstone disease |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=966–8 |year=1987 |pmid=3557002 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8419252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Quigley EM, Marsh MN, Shaffer JL, Markin RS |title=Hepatobiliary complications of total parenteral nutrition |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=286–301 |year=1993 |pmid=8419252 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7926514">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hussaini SH, Murphy GM, Kennedy C, Besser GM, Wass JA, Dowling RH |title=The role of bile composition and physical chemistry in the pathogenesis of octreotide-associated gallbladder stones |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=1503–13 |year=1994 |pmid=7926514 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11318529">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caroli-Bosc FX, Le Gall P, Pugliese P, Delabre B, Caroli-Bosc C, Demarquay JF, Delmont JP, Rampal P, Montet JC |title=Role of fibrates and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in gallstone formation: epidemiological study in an unselected population |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=540–4 |year=2001 |pmid=11318529 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Rapidly weight loss and [[gastric bypass surgery]]  
**Rapidly weight loss and [[gastric bypass surgery]]
**Long-term [[octreotide]]
**Long-term [[octreotide]]
**Long-term [[Total parenteral nutrition|total parenteral nutritio<nowiki/>n]] (TPN)
**Long-term [[Total parenteral nutrition|total parenteral nutritio<nowiki/>n]] (TPN)
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**[[Bowel resection|Extensive bowel resection]]
**[[Bowel resection|Extensive bowel resection]]
**Spinal cord injury
**Spinal cord injury
**Use of medications such as  
**Use of medications such as
***[[Chlorpromazine]]
***[[Octreotide]]
***[[Octreotide]]
***[[Clofibrate]]
***[[Clofibrate]]
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
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[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include age, sex, pregnancy, and oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy. Less common risk factors include rapid weight loss, prolonged total parenteral nutrition and hepatic and biliary cirrhosis.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

References

  1. ↑ Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A (1987). "A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study". Hepatology. 7 (5): 913–7. PMID 3653855.
  2. ↑ Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP (1989). "Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States". Gastroenterology. 96 (2 Pt 1): 487–92. PMID 2642879.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA (1970). "Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography". N. Engl. J. Med. 283 (25): 1358–64. doi:10.1056/NEJM197012172832502. PMID 5481754.
  4. ↑ Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D (1995). "Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.)". Am. J. Epidemiol. 141 (2): 158–65. PMID 7817971.
  5. ↑ Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F (1993). "Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium". Hepatology. 17 (1): 1–4. PMID 8423030.
  6. ↑ Maringhini A, Ciambra M, Baccelliere P, Raimondo M, Orlando A, Tinè F, Grasso R, Randazzo MA, Barresi L, Gullo D, Musico M, Pagliaro L (1993). "Biliary sludge and gallstones in pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and natural history". Ann. Intern. Med. 119 (2): 116–20. PMID 8512160.
  7. ↑ Apstein MD, Dalecki-Chipperfield K (1987). "Spinal cord injury is a risk factor for gallstone disease". Gastroenterology. 92 (4): 966–8. PMID 3557002.
  8. ↑ Quigley EM, Marsh MN, Shaffer JL, Markin RS (1993). "Hepatobiliary complications of total parenteral nutrition". Gastroenterology. 104 (1): 286–301. PMID 8419252.
  9. ↑ Hussaini SH, Murphy GM, Kennedy C, Besser GM, Wass JA, Dowling RH (1994). "The role of bile composition and physical chemistry in the pathogenesis of octreotide-associated gallbladder stones". Gastroenterology. 107 (5): 1503–13. PMID 7926514.
  10. ↑ Caroli-Bosc FX, Le Gall P, Pugliese P, Delabre B, Caroli-Bosc C, Demarquay JF, Delmont JP, Rampal P, Montet JC (2001). "Role of fibrates and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in gallstone formation: epidemiological study in an unselected population". Dig. Dis. Sci. 46 (3): 540–4. PMID 11318529.
  11. ↑ Shiffman ML, Keith FB, Moore EW (1990). "Pathogenesis of ceftriaxone-associated biliary sludge. In vitro studies of calcium-ceftriaxone binding and solubility". Gastroenterology. 99 (6): 1772–8. PMID 2227290.

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