Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis physical examination: Difference between revisions

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==Physical Examination==
==Physical Examination==
Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
Physical examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal except there are signs of fluid overload if the disease progress to end-stage renal failure.<ref name="pmid22187987">{{cite journal |vauthors=D'Agati VD, Kaskel FJ, Falk RJ |title=Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=365 |issue=25 |pages=2398–411 |date=December 2011 |pmid=22187987 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1106556 |url=}}</ref>
 
OR
 
Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
 
OR
 
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].
 
OR
 
The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].


===Appearance of the Patient===
===Appearance of the Patient===
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===Vital Signs===
===Vital Signs===
*Afebrile
*Afebrile
*High/low blood pressure with normal pulse pressure
*High blood pressure with normal pulse pressure


===Skin===
===Skin===
Skin examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal
*Skin examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal


===HEENT===
===HEENT===
* HEENT examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*HEENT examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal
OR
*Swelling of periorbital sometimes resulting in swollen-shut eyelids
* Abnormalities of the head/hair may include ___
* Evidence of trauma
* Icteric sclera
* [[Nystagmus]]
* Extra-ocular movements may be abnormal
*Pupils non-reactive to light / non-reactive to accommodation / non-reactive to neither light nor accommodation
*Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of ___
* Hearing acuity may be reduced
*[[Weber test]] may be abnormal (Note: A positive Weber test is considered a normal finding / A negative Weber test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Weber test".)
*[[Rinne test]] may be positive (Note: A positive Rinne test is considered a normal finding / A negative Rinne test is considered an abnormal finding. To avoid confusion, you may write "abnormal Rinne test".)
* [[Exudate]] from the ear canal
* Tenderness upon palpation of the ear pinnae/tragus (anterior to ear canal)
*Inflamed nares / congested nares
* [[Purulent]] exudate from the nares
* Facial tenderness
* Erythematous throat with/without tonsillar swelling, exudates, and/or petechiae


===Neck===
===Neck===
* Neck examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*Neck examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal
OR
*[[Jugular venous distension]] is seen in fluid overload
*[[Jugular venous distension]]
*[[Carotid bruits]] may be auscultated unilaterally/bilaterally using the bell/diaphragm of the otoscope
*[[Lymphadenopathy]] (describe location, size, tenderness, mobility, and symmetry)
*[[Thyromegaly]] / thyroid nodules
*[[Hepatojugular reflux]]


===Lungs===
===Lungs===
* Pulmonary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
* Pulmonary examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal, however, if there is fluid overload, following signs are seen:
OR
*Lungs are hyporesonant  
* Asymmetric chest expansion OR decreased chest expansion
*Fine/coarse [[crackles]] upon auscultation of the lung bases bilaterally
*Lungs are hyporesonant OR hyperresonant
*Fine/coarse [[crackles]] upon auscultation of the lung bases/apices unilaterally/bilaterally
*Rhonchi
*Vesicular breath sounds OR distant breath sounds
*Expiratory wheezing OR inspiratory wheezing with normal OR delayed expiratory phase
*[[Wheezing]] may be present
*[[Egophony]] present/absent
*[[Bronchophony]] present/absent
*Normal/reduced [[tactile fremitus]]


===Heart===
===Heart===
* Cardiovascular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*Cardiovascular examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal
OR
*Chest tenderness upon palpation
*PMI within 2 cm of the sternum  (PMI) / Displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI) suggestive of ____
*[[Heave]] / [[thrill]]
*[[Friction rub]]
*[[Heart sounds#First heart tone S1, the "lub"(components M1 and T1)|S1]]
*[[Heart sounds#Second heart tone S2 the "dub"(components A2 and P2)|S2]]
*[[Heart sounds#Third heart sound S3|S3]]
*[[Heart sounds#Fourth heart sound S4|S4]]
*[[Heart sounds#Summation Gallop|Gallops]]
*A high/low grade early/late [[systolic murmur]] / [[diastolic murmur]] best heard at the base/apex/(specific valve region) may be heard using the bell/diaphgram of the otoscope


===Abdomen===
===Abdomen===
* Abdominal examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*[[Abdominal distention]]
OR
*[[Abdominal distention]]  
*[[Abdominal tenderness]] in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
*[[Rebound tenderness]] (positive Blumberg sign)
*A palpable abdominal mass in the right/left upper/lower abdominal quadrant
*Guarding may be present
*[[Hepatomegaly]] / [[splenomegaly]] / [[hepatosplenomegaly]]
*Additional findings, such as obturator test, psoas test, McBurney point test, Murphy test


===Back===
===Back===
* Back examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*Back examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal
OR
*Point tenderness over __ vertebrae (e.g. L3-L4)
*Sacral edema
*Costovertebral angle tenderness bilaterally/unilaterally
*Buffalo hump


===Genitourinary===
===Genitourinary===
* Genitourinary examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*Signs of fluid overload can be seen which includes:
OR
**Scrotal edema
*A pelvic/adnexal mass may be palpated
**Vulvar edema
*Inflamed mucosa
*Clear/(color), foul-smelling/odorless penile/vaginal discharge


===Neuromuscular===
===Neuromuscular===
* Neuromuscular examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*Neuromuscular examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal
OR
*Patient is usually oriented to persons, place, and time
* Altered mental status
* Glasgow coma scale is ___ / 15
* Clonus may be present
* Hyperreflexia / hyporeflexia / areflexia
* Positive (abnormal) Babinski / plantar reflex unilaterally/bilaterally
* Muscle rigidity
* Proximal/distal muscle weakness unilaterally/bilaterally
* ____ (finding) suggestive of cranial nerve ___ (roman numerical) deficit (e.g. Dilated pupils suggestive of CN III deficit)
*Unilateral/bilateral upper/lower extremity weakness
*Unilateral/bilateral sensory loss in the upper/lower extremity
*Positive straight leg raise test
*Abnormal gait (describe gait: e.g. ataxic (cerebellar) gait / steppage gait / waddling gait / choeiform gait / Parkinsonian gait / sensory gait)
*Positive/negative Trendelenburg sign
*Unilateral/bilateral tremor (describe tremor, e.g. at rest, pill-rolling)
*Normal finger-to-nose test / Dysmetria
*Absent/present dysdiadochokinesia (palm tapping test)


===Extremities===
===Extremities===  
* Extremities examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
*Pitting/non-pitting [[edema]] of the upper and lower extremitiesdue to fluid overload
OR
*[[Clubbing]]
*[[Cyanosis]]
*Pitting/non-pitting [[edema]] of the upper/lower extremities
*Muscle atrophy
*Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:35, 11 June 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Manpreet Kaur, MD [2]

Overview

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

Physical Examination

Physical examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal except there are signs of fluid overload if the disease progress to end-stage renal failure.[1]

Appearance of the Patient

  • Patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis usually appear lethargic

Vital Signs

  • Afebrile
  • High blood pressure with normal pulse pressure

Skin

  • Skin examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal

HEENT

  • HEENT examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal
  • Swelling of periorbital sometimes resulting in swollen-shut eyelids

Neck

  • Neck examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal
  • Jugular venous distension is seen in fluid overload

Lungs

  • Pulmonary examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal, however, if there is fluid overload, following signs are seen:
  • Lungs are hyporesonant
  • Fine/coarse crackles upon auscultation of the lung bases bilaterally

Heart

  • Cardiovascular examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal

Abdomen

Back

  • Back examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal

Genitourinary

  • Signs of fluid overload can be seen which includes:
    • Scrotal edema
    • Vulvar edema

Neuromuscular

  • Neuromuscular examination of patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is usually normal

Extremities

  • Pitting/non-pitting edema of the upper and lower extremitiesdue to fluid overload

References

  1. ↑ D'Agati VD, Kaskel FJ, Falk RJ (December 2011). "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 365 (25): 2398–411. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1106556. PMID 22187987.

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