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<!--Overview-->


==Overview==
|genericName=
[[Image:Epipen.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A 0.3 mg EpiPen auto-injector.]]
'''EpiPen''' is a registered trademark for the most commonly used [[autoinjector]] of [[epinephrine]] (a.k.a. [[adrenaline]]), used in medicine to treat [[anaphylactic shock]].
CaH13No3
==Description==
EpiPen is manufactured by [[DEY L.P.]]  EpiPens are commonly carried by persons with severe allergies and a risk of [[anaphylactic shock]] because they can be self-administered and are very fast-acting.  In the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[United States|US]], EpiPens are regulated [[medical device]]s and require a [[medical prescription|prescription]]. In [[Canada]], EpiPens may be purchased without a [[medical prescription|prescription]], but they are kept behind pharmacy counters.


The standard dosage of epinephrine supplied by an EpiPen is 0.3 ml of 1 in 1000 Parts (0.3 mg).  Child-sized dosages (0.15 mg) are available as the '''EpiPen JR'''.  In the US, EpiPen JR is recommended for children 33-66 lb.[http://www.epipen.com/epipen_dosing.aspx], while in [[Canada]] it is recommended for children 15 to 30kg. [https://www.epipen.ca/EN/about_epipen_hcp.aspx]
Epinephrine


The EpiPen contains a spring-loaded needle that shoots through a membrane in the tip and into the recipient's body to deliver the medication. There are two valid sets of instructions for use as of the present. In the new set of instructions, approved by the Government’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (UK), a patient uses the device by removing the gray locking cap from the top of the device, forming a fist around the unit, and jabbing it firmly into a thigh until the click of the spring-loaded needle activating is heard. These instructions are assumed to be more intuitive than the old instructions, in which after the locking cap was removed, the device was put to the injection site and then pressure was applied to activate the mechanism. Both sets of instructions are valid, but all EpiPens manufactured since December 2004 carry the new instructions. [http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/information/adrenaline.html] Regardless of the instruction version, after activation the patient holds the device in place for 10 seconds as the epinephrine is delivered. This gives the drug enough time to be absorbed by the body's [[muscle]]s and diffused into the bloodstream. Using the device [[intravenously]] is highly discouraged, and can even be lethal as epinephrine is a local [[vascular constrictor]], and use intravenously can restrict blood flow to the area of the injection site, causing subsequent damage to extremities. Additionally, intravenous administration of the EpiPen can cause [[ventricular tachycardia]], or dangerously rapid heartbeat, due to the tendency of epinephrine to accelerate the heartbeat of the patient. [http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7389/589] (It would be exceedingly difficult to use an EpiPen intravenously, so this warning is moot.)
|aOrAn=


After administering the device, the company's lawyers advise patients to seek immediate medical attention. Patients with experience—who carry preloaded syringes of epinephrine, diphenhydramine, and dexamethasone—can generally go home instead of the [[emergency room]]. However, these are not EpiPen customers.
a


EpiPen usually has a [[shelf life]] of 20 months, when the EpiPen should be discarded if unused,by returning it to a local pharmacy or hospital for safe disposal. Using an EpiPen that has expired is discouraged but better than nothing in an emergency. The original carrying tube that the pen came in was easily broken; however, the manufacturer has recently begun shipping EpiPens in more durable carrying tubes with significantly thicker plastic walls, a screw top, and metal plating at the bottom (needle) end to prevent puncture injuries.
|drugClass=


Despite being trademarked, common usage of the word "epipen" is [[Genericized trademark|drifting toward the generic]] context of any epinephrine autoinjector.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
non-selective alpha and [[beta-adrenergic]] receptor agonist


==Alternatives==
|indication=
Companies other than Dey have begun to market similar devices, such as the Twinject. Ampules of epinephrine are also available for single use in physician offices and hospital pharmacies, as are preloaded [[Tubex]] cartridges. None of these devices prevents future episodes of anaphylaxis, but patients who experience severe or life-threatening reactions may be treated with a series of allergy injections composed of increasing concentrations of naturally occurring substances such as venom to provide excellent and usually life-long protections against adverse affects of future insect stings: these injections are astonishingly dilute—a billion-fold or more is common. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Resiman |first=R |title=Insect Stings |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=26 |year=1994 |month=Aug |pages=523-7 }}</ref>


== See also ==
[[allergic]] reactions (Type I) including [[anaphylaxis]]
*[[Twinject]]
*[[Anaphylaxis]]
*[[Autoinjector]]


==References==
|hasBlackBoxWarning=
{{reflist}}
*"[http://www.epipen.com/epipen_dosing.aspx EpiPen.com - Dosing]." Accessed on [[December 5]], [[2006]].
*"[http://www.calgaryallergy.ca/Articles/English/epipen.html Calgary Allergy Network]." Accessed on [[December 5]], [[2006]].
*"[http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/information/adrenaline.html The Anaphylaxis Campaign]." Accessed on [[March 19]], [[2007]].
*"[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7389/589 BMJ Clinical Review of Epinephrine Administration]." Accesed on [[March 19]], [[2007]].


==External links==
*[http://www.epipen.com/ US EpiPen information]
*[http://www.allerex.ca/ Canadian EpiPen information]
*[http://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/ Anaphylaxis Campaign]
* [http://www.peanutallergyuk.co.uk A discussion forum for UK peanut anaphylaxis sufferers]
*[http://www.epipen.co.uk/ LIFELINE site with various patient information]
*[http://www.alert4allergy.org/ alert4allergy.org - a UK service giving free email and text message alerts about food allergy product recalls]


[[Category:First aid]]
[[Category:Drug delivery devices]]


[[nl:Adrenaline-autoinjector]]
|adverseReactions=
[[ja:エピペン]]
[[nn:EpiPen]]


{{jb1}}
[[anxiety]], apprehensiveness, restlessness, [[tremor]], [[weakness]], [[dizziness]], [[sweating]], [[palpitations]], [[pallor]], [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], [[headache]], and/or respiratory difficulties.
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
 
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
<!--Black Box Warning-->
 
|blackBoxWarningTitle=
Title
 
|blackBoxWarningBody=
<i><span style="color:#FF0000;">ConditionName: </span></i>
 
* Content
 
<!--Adult Indications and Dosage-->
 
<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)-->
 
|fdaLIADAdult=
 
=====Emergency Treatment Of Allergic Reactions (Type I)=====
 
*EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are indicated in the emergency treatment of [[allergic reactions]] (Type I) including [[anaphylaxis]] to stinging insects (e.g., order Hymenoptera, which include bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants) and biting insects (e.g., triatoma, mosquitoes), allergen [[immunotherapy]], foods, drugs, diagnostic testing substances (e.g., [[radiocontrast]] media) and other allergens, as well as idiopathic [[anaphylaxis]] or exercise-induced [[anaphylaxis]].
 
*EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are intended for immediate administration in patients who are determined to be at increased risk for [[anaphylaxis]], including individuals with a history of [[anaphylactic reactions]].
 
*Anaphylactic reactions may occur within minutes after exposure and consist of [[flushing]], apprehension, [[syncope]], [[tachycardia]], thready or unobtainable [[pulse]] associated with a fall in [[blood pressure]], [[convulsions]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]] and [[abdominal cramps]], [[involuntary voiding]], [[wheezing]], [[dyspnea]] due to [[laryngeal spasm]], [[pruritus]], [[rashes]], [[urticaria]] or [[angioedema]].
 
*EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are intended for immediate administration as emergency supportive therapy only and are not a substitute for immediate medical care.
 
*Dosing Information
:*Selection of the appropriate dosage strength (EpiPen 0.3 mg or EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg) is determined according to patient body weight.
:**Patients greater than or equal to 30 kg (approximately 66 pounds or more): EpiPen 0.3 mg
:**Patients 15 to 30 kg (33 pounds to 66 pounds): EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg
:*Inject EpiPen or EpiPen Jr intramuscularly or subcutaneously into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, through clothing if necessary.
:*Each EpiPen or EpiPen Jr contains a single dose of epinephrine for single-use injection. Since the doses of epinephrine delivered from EpiPen or EpiPen Jr are fixed, consider using other forms of injectable epinephrine if doses lower than 0.15 mg are deemed necessary.
 
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)-->
 
<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
 
|offLabelAdultGuideSupport=
 
=====Acute Symptomatic Bradyarrhythmia=====
 
* Developed by: ACC/AHA
 
* Class of Recommendation: Class IIb
 
* Strength of Evidence: Category B
 
* If atropine is ineffective for the treatment of [[bradycardia]] with a pulse, then epinephrine or [[dopamine]] may be used, especially, with associated [[hypotension]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988 | issn = 1524-4539 | volume = 122 | issue = 18 Suppl 3 | pages = –729-767 | last = Neumar | first = Robert W. | coauthors = Charles W. Otto, Mark S. Link, Steven L. Kronick, Michael Shuster, Clifton W. Callaway, Peter J. Kudenchuk, Joseph P. Ornato, Bryan McNally, Scott M. Silvers, Rod S. Passman, Roger D. White, Erik P. Hess, Wanchun Tang, Daniel Davis, Elizabeth Sinz, Laurie J. Morrison | title = Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care | journal = Circulation | date = 2010-11-02 | pmid = 20956224 }}</ref>
 
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Adult)-->
 
|offLabelAdultNoGuideSupport=
 
=====Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage=====
 
* Endoscopic injection of epinephrine is effective in the treatment of [[upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage]].<ref>{{Cite journal | issn = 0267-0623 | volume = 296 | issue = 6637 | pages = 1631–1633 | last = Chung | first = S. C. | coauthors = J. W. Leung, R. J. Steele, T. J. Crofts, A. K. Li | title = Endoscopic injection of adrenaline for actively bleeding ulcers: a randomised trial | journal = British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) | date = 1988-06-11 | pmid = 3135047 | pmc = PMC2546160 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | issn = 0016-5107 | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 264–269 | last = Hirao | first = M. | coauthors = K. Masuda, T. Asanuma, H. Naka, K. Noda, K. Matsuura, O. Yamaguchi, N. Ueda | title = Endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer and other tumors with local injection of hypertonic saline-epinephrine | journal = Gastrointestinal Endoscopy | date = 1988-06 | pmid = 3391382 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-1004058 | issn = 0013-726X | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–33 | last = Folwaczny | first = C. | coauthors = W. Heldwein, G. Obermaier, N. Schindlbeck | title = Influence of prophylactic local administration of epinephrine on bleeding complications after polypectomy | journal = Endoscopy | date = 1997-01 | pmid = 9083734 }}</ref>
 
<!--Pediatric Indications and Dosage-->
 
<!--FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
 
|fdaLIADPed=
=====Emergency Treatment Of Allergic Reactions (Type I)=====
 
*EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are indicated in the emergency treatment of [[allergic reactions]] (Type I) including [[anaphylaxis]] to stinging insects (e.g., order Hymenoptera, which include bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants) and biting insects (e.g., triatoma, mosquitoes), allergen [[immunotherapy]], foods, drugs, diagnostic testing substances (e.g., [[radiocontrast]] media) and other allergens, as well as idiopathic [[anaphylaxis]] or exercise-induced [[anaphylaxis]].
 
*EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are intended for immediate administration in patients who are determined to be at increased risk for [[anaphylaxis]], including individuals with a history of [[anaphylactic reactions]].
 
*Anaphylactic reactions may occur within minutes after exposure and consist of [[flushing]], apprehension, [[syncope]], [[tachycardia]], thready or unobtainable [[pulse]] associated with a fall in [[blood pressure]], [[convulsions]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]] and [[abdominal cramps]], [[involuntary voiding]], [[wheezing]], [[dyspnea]] due to [[laryngeal spasm]], [[pruritus]], [[rashes]], [[urticaria]] or [[angioedema]].
 
*EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are intended for immediate administration as emergency supportive therapy only and are not a substitute for immediate medical care.
 
*Dosing Information
:*Selection of the appropriate dosage strength (EpiPen 0.3 mg or EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg) is determined according to patient body weight.
:**Patients greater than or equal to 30 kg (approximately 66 pounds or more): EpiPen 0.3 mg
:**Patients 15 to 30 kg (33 pounds to 66 pounds): EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg
:*Inject EpiPen or EpiPen Jr intramuscularly or subcutaneously into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, through clothing if necessary.
:*Each EpiPen or EpiPen Jr contains a single dose of epinephrine for single-use injection. Since the doses of epinephrine delivered from EpiPen or EpiPen Jr are fixed, consider using other forms of injectable epinephrine if doses lower than 0.15 mg are deemed necessary.
 
<!--Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)-->
 
<!--Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
 
|offLabelPedGuideSupport=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in pediatric patients.
 
<!--Non–Guideline-Supported Use (Pediatric)-->
 
|offLabelPedNoGuideSupport=
 
=====Croup=====
 
* Aerosolized levo-epinephrine (1:1000) is at least as effective as racemic epinephrine (2.25%) in the treatment of [[laryngotracheitis]] in children (6 months to 6 years of age) with moderate to severe croup.<ref>{{Cite journal | issn = 0031-4005 | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 302–306 | last = Waisman | first = Y. | coauthors = B. L. Klein, D. A. Boenning, G. M. Young, J. M. Chamberlain, R. O'Donnell, D. W. Ochsenschlager | title = Prospective randomized double-blind study comparing L-epinephrine and racemic epinephrine aerosols in the treatment of laryngotracheitis (croup) | journal = Pediatrics | date = 1992-02 | pmid = 1734400 }}</ref>
 
=====Wheezing=====
 
* Subcutaneous epinephrine is effective in the treatment of acute [[wheezing]] in children less than 2 years of age.<ref>{{Cite journal | issn = 0031-4005 | volume = 79 | issue = 6 | pages = 939–945 | last = Lowell | first = D. I. | coauthors = G. Lister, H. Von Koss, P. McCarthy | title = Wheezing in infants: the response to epinephrine | journal = Pediatrics | date = 1987-06 | pmid = 3295741 }}</ref>
 
<!--Contraindications-->
 
|contraindications=
 
*None
 
<!--Warnings-->
 
|warnings=
 
====Precautions====
 
*Emergency Treatment
:*EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are intended for immediate administration as emergency supportive therapy and are not intended as a substitute for immediate medical care. In conjunction with the administration of epinephrine, the patient should seek immediate medical or hospital care. More than two sequential doses of epinephrine should only be administered under direct medical supervision.
 
*Incorrect Locations of Injection
:*EpiPen and EpiPen Jr should only be injected into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Patient Counseling Information (17)].
:**Do not inject intravenously. Large doses or accidental intravenous injection of epinephrine may result in cerebral hemorrhage due to sharp rise in blood pressure. Rapidly acting vasodilators can counteract the marked pressor effects of epinephrine if there is such inadvertent administration.
:**Do not inject into buttock. Injection into the buttock may not provide effective treatment of anaphylaxis. Advise the patient to go immediately to the nearest emergency room for further treatment of anaphylaxis. Additionally, injection into the buttock has been associated with gas gangrene. Cleansing with alcohol does not kill bacterial spores, and therefore, does not lower this risk.
:**Do not inject into digits, hands or feet. Since epinephrine is a strong vasoconstrictor, accidental injection into the digits, hands or feet may result in loss of blood flow to the affected area. Advise the patient to go immediately to the nearest emergency room and to inform the healthcare provider in the emergency room of the location of the accidental injection. Treatment of such inadvertent administration should consist of vasodilation, in addition to further appropriate treatment of anaphylaxis [ see Adverse Reactions (6)].
 
*Allergic Reactions Associated With Sulfite
:*The presence of a sulfite in this product should not deter administration of the drug for treatment of serious allergic or other emergency situations even if the patient is sulfite-sensitive.
:*Epinephrine is the preferred treatment for serious allergic reactions or other emergency situations even though this product contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may, in other products, cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms or life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible persons.
:*The alternatives to using epinephrine in a life-threatening situation may not be satisfactory.
 
*Disease Interactions
:*Some patients may be at greater risk for developing adverse reactions after epinephrine administration. Despite these concerns, it should be recognized that the presence of these conditions is not a contraindication to epinephrine administration in an acute, life-threatening situation. Therefore, patients with these conditions, and/or any other person who might be in a position to administer EpiPen or EpiPen Jr to a patient experiencing anaphylaxis should be carefully instructed in regard to the circumstances under which epinephrine should be used.
 
*Patients with Heart Disease
:*Epinephrine should be administered with caution to patients who have heart disease, including patients with cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery or organic heart disease, or hypertension. In such patients, or in patients who are on drugs that may sensitize the heart to arrhythmias, epinephrine may precipitate or aggravate angina pectoris as well as produce ventricular arrhythmias.
 
*Other Patients and Diseases
:*Epinephrine should be administered with caution to patients with hyperthyroidism, diabetes, elderly individuals, and pregnant women. Patients with Parkinson’s disease may notice a temporary worsening of symptoms.
 
<!--Adverse Reactions-->
 
<!--Clinical Trials Experience-->
 
|clinicalTrials=
 
*Due to the lack of randomized, controlled clinical trials of epinephrine for the treatment of anaphylaxis, the true incidence of adverse reactions associated with the systemic use of epinephrine is difficult to determine. Adverse reactions reported in observational trials, case reports, and studies are listed below.
 
*Common adverse reactions to systemically administered epinephrine include anxiety; apprehensiveness; restlessness; tremor; weakness; dizziness; sweating; palpitations; pallor; nausea and vomiting; headache; and/or respiratory difficulties. These symptoms occur in some persons receiving therapeutic doses of epinephrine, but are more likely to occur in patients with hypertension or hyperthyroidism [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
 
*Arrhythmias, including fatal ventricular fibrillation, have been reported, particularly in patients with underlying cardiac disease or those receiving certain drugs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Drug Interactions (7)].
 
*Rapid rises in blood pressure have produced cerebral hemorrhage, particularly in elderly patients with cardiovascular disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
 
*Angina may occur in patients with coronary artery disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
 
*Accidental injection into the digits, hands or feet may result in loss of blood flow to the affected area [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
 
*Adverse events experienced as a result of accidental injections may include increased heart rate, local reactions including injection site pallor, coldness and hypoesthesia or injury at the injection site resulting in bruising, bleeding, discoloration, erythema or skeletal injury.
 
*Injection into the buttock has resulted in cases of gas gangrene.
 
<!--Postmarketing Experience-->
 
|postmarketing=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Postmarketing Experience</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
<!--Drug Interactions-->
 
|drugInteractions=
 
*Patients who receive epinephrine while concomitantly taking cardiac glycosides, diuretics, or anti-arrhythmics should be observed carefully for the development of cardiac arrhythmias [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
 
*The effects of epinephrine may be potentiated by tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, levothyroxine sodium, and certain antihistamines, notably chlorpheniramine, tripelennamine, and diphenhydramine.
 
*The cardiostimulating and bronchodilating effects of epinephrine are antagonized by beta- adrenergic blocking drugs, such as propranolol.
 
*The vasoconstricting and hypertensive effects of epinephrine are antagonized by alpha- adrenergic blocking drugs, such as phentolamine.
 
*Ergot alkaloids may also reverse the pressor effects of epinephrine.
 
<!--Use in Specific Populations-->
 
|useInPregnancyFDA=
* '''Pregnancy Category C'''
 
*There are no adequate and well controlled studies of the acute effect of epinephrine in pregnant women.
 
*Epinephrine was teratogenic in rabbits, mice and hamsters. Epinephrine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus (fetal anoxia, spontaneous abortion, or both).
 
*Epinephrine has been shown to have teratogenic effects when administered subcutaneously in rabbits at approximately 30 times the maximum recommended daily subcutaneous or intramuscular dose (on a mg/m2 basis at a maternal dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day for two to three days), in mice at approximately 7 times the maximum daily subcutaneous or intramuscular dose (on a mg/m2 basis at a maternal subcutaneous dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 10 days), and in hamsters at approximately 5 times the maximum recommended daily subcutaneous or intramuscular dose (on a mg/m2 basis at a maternal subcutaneous dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day for 4 days).
 
*These effects were not seen in mice at approximately 3 times the maximum recommended daily subcutaneous or intramuscular dose (on a mg/m2 basis at a subcutaneous maternal dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day for 10 days).
 
|useInPregnancyAUS=
* '''Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category'''
 
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of {{PAGENAME}} in women who are pregnant.
 
|useInLaborDelivery=
There is no FDA guidance on use of {{PAGENAME}} during labor and delivery.
 
|useInNursing=
 
*It is not known whether epinephrine is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when EpiPen is administered to a nursing woman.
 
|useInPed=
 
*EpiPen or EpiPen Jr may be administered to pediatric patients at a dosage appropriate to body weight. Clinical experience with the use of epinephrine suggests that the adverse reactions seen in children are similar in nature and extent to those both expected and reported in adults. Since the doses of epinephrine delivered from EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are fixed, consider using other forms of injectable epinephrine if doses lower than 0.15 mg are deemed necessary.
 
|useInGeri=
 
*Clinical studies for the treatment of anaphylaxis have not been performed in subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. However, other reported clinical experience with use of epinephrine for the treatment of anaphylaxis has identified that geriatric patients may be particularly sensitive to the effects of epinephrine. Therefore, EpiPen should be administered with caution in elderly individuals, who may be at greater risk for developing adverse reactions after epinephrine administration.
 
|useInGender=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific gender populations.
 
|useInRace=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} with respect to specific racial populations.
 
|useInRenalImpair=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with renal impairment.
 
|useInHepaticImpair=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients with hepatic impairment.
 
|useInReproPotential=
There is no FDA guidance on the use of {{PAGENAME}} in women of reproductive potentials and males.
 
|useInImmunocomp=
There is no FDA guidance one the use of {{PAGENAME}} in patients who are immunocompromised.
 
<!--Administration and Monitoring-->
 
|administration=
 
* Intramuscular
 
|monitoring=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Monitoring</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
<!--IV Compatibility-->
 
|IVCompat=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>IV Compatibility</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
<!--Overdosage-->
 
|overdose=
 
===Acute Overdose===
 
====Signs and Symptoms====
 
*Overdosage of epinephrine may produce extremely elevated arterial pressure, which may result in cerebrovascular hemorrhage, particularly in elderly patients. Overdosage may also result in pulmonary edema because of peripheral vascular constriction together with cardiac stimulation. Treatment consists of rapidly acting vasodilators or alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs and/or respiratory support.
 
*Epinephrine overdosage can also cause transient bradycardia followed by tachycardia, and these may be accompanied by potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Premature ventricular contractions may appear within one minute after injection and may be followed by multifocal ventricular tachycardia (prefibrillation rhythm). Subsidence of the ventricular effects may be followed by atrial tachycardia and occasionally by atrioventricular block. Treatment of arrhythmias consists of administration of a beta-adrenergic blocking drug such as propranolol.
 
*Overdosage sometimes results in extreme pallor and coldness of the skin, metabolic acidosis, and kidney failure.
 
====Management====
 
*Suitable corrective measures must be taken in such situations.
 
===Chronic Overdose===
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Chronic Overdose</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
<!--Pharmacology-->
 
<!--Drug box 2-->
 
|drugBox=
 
{{drugbox2
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 464189734
| IUPAC_name = (''R'')-4-(1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
| image = EpiPen.png
| width = 180px
|
| pregnancy_US = C
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_UK = POM
| legal_US = OTC
| routes_of_administration = [[intravenous|IV]], [[intramuscular|IM]], [[endotracheal tube|endotracheal]], [[Intracardiac injection|IC]], [[Nasal administration|Nasal]] [[Eye drop|Ophthalmic]]
 
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability =
| metabolism = [[synapse|adrenergic synapse]] ([[Monoamine oxidase|MAO]] and [[Catechol-O-methyl transferase|COMT]])
| elimination_half-life = 2 minutes
| excretion = Urine
 
<!--Identifiers-->
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 51-43-4
| ATC_prefix = A01
| ATC_suffix = AD01
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|B02|BC09}} {{ATC|C01|CA24}} {{ATC|R01|AA14}} {{ATC|R03|AA01}} {{ATC|S01|EA01}}
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 28918
| PubChem = 5816
| IUPHAR_ligand = 479
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00668
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 5611
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = YKH834O4BH
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00095
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 679
| PDB_ligand = ALE
 
<!--Chemical data-->
| C=9 | H=13 | N=1 | O=3
| molecular_weight = 183.204 g/mol
| smiles = Oc1ccc(cc1O)[C@@H](O)CNC
| InChI = 1/C9H13NO3/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3/t9-/m0/s1
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C9H13NO3/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3/t9-/m0/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-VIFPVBQESA-N
}}
 
<!--Mechanism of Action-->
 
|mechAction=
 
* Epinephrine acts on both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors.
 
<!--Structure-->
 
|structure=
 
* EpiPen (epinephrine injection, USP) 0.3 mg and EpiPen Jr (epinephrine injection, USP) 0.15 mg are auto-injectors and combination products containing drug and device components.
 
*Each EpiPen Auto-Injector, 0.3 mg delivers a single dose of 0.3 mg epinephrine from epinephrine injection, USP 1:1000 (0.3 mL) in a sterile solution.
 
*Each EpiPen Jr Auto-Injector, 0.15 mg delivers a single dose of 0.15 mg epinephrine from epinephrine injection, USP 1:2000 (0.3 mL) in a sterile solution.
 
*The EpiPen and EpiPen Jr each contain 2 mL epinephrine solution. Approximately 1.7 mL remains in the auto-injector after activation, but is not available for future use, and should be discarded.
 
*Each 0.3 mL in the EpiPen Auto-Injector contains 0.3 mg epinephrine, 1.8 mg sodium chloride, 0.5 mg sodium metabisulfite, hydrochloric acid to adjust pH, and Water for Injection. The pH range is 2.2–5.0.
 
*Each 0.3 mL in the EpiPen Jr Auto-Injector contains 0.15 mg epinephrine, 1.8 mg sodium chloride, 0.5 mg sodium metabisulfite, hydrochloric acid to adjust pH, and Water for Injection. The pH range is 2.2-5.0.
 
*Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. Chemically, epinephrine is (-)-3,4- Dihydroxy-α-[(methylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol with the following structure:
 
: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}01.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
*Epinephrine solution deteriorates rapidly on exposure to air or light, turning pink from oxidation to adrenochrome and brown from the formation of melanin. Replace EpiPen and EpiPen Jr if the epinephrine solution appears discolored (pinkish or brown color), cloudy, or contains particles.
 
*Thoroughly review the patient instructions and operation of EpiPen or EpiPen Jr with patients and caregivers prior to use.
 
<!--Pharmacodynamics-->
 
|PD=
 
*Through its action on alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine lessens the vasodilation and increased vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis, which can lead to loss of intravascular fluid volume and hypotension.
 
*Through its action on beta-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine causes bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and helps alleviate bronchospasm, wheezing and dyspnea that may occur during anaphylaxis.
 
*Epinephrine also alleviates pruritus, urticaria, and angioedema and may relieve gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms associated with anaphylaxis because of its relaxer effects on the smooth muscle of the stomach, intestine, uterus and urinary bladder.
 
*When given subcutaneously or intramuscularly, epinephrine has a rapid onset and short duration of action.
 
<!--Pharmacokinetics-->
 
|PK=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Pharmacokinetics</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
<!--Nonclinical Toxicology-->
 
|nonClinToxic=
 
*Long-term studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of epinephrine have not been conducted.
 
*Epinephrine and other catecholamines have been shown to have mutagenic potential in vitro and to be an oxidative mutagen in a WP2 bacterial reverse mutation assay.
 
*Epinephrine was positive in the DNA Repair test with B. subtilis (REC) assay, but was not mutagenic in the Salmonella bacterial reverse mutation assay.
 
*The potential for epinephrine to impair fertility has not been evaluated.
 
<!--Clinical Studies-->
 
|clinicalStudies=
 
There is limited information regarding <i>Clinical Studies</i> of {{PAGENAME}} in the drug label.
 
<!--How Supplied-->
 
|howSupplied=
 
* EpiPen Auto-Injectors (epinephrine injections, USP, 1:1000, 0.3 mL) are available as EpiPen 2-Pak®, NDC 49502-500-02, a pack that contains two EpiPen Auto-Injectors (epinephrine injections, USP, 1:1000, 0.3 mL) and one EpiPen Auto-Injector trainer device.
 
*EpiPen Jr Auto-Injectors (epinephrine injections, USP, 1:2000, 0.3 mL) are available as EpiPen Jr 2-Pak®, NDC 49502-501-02, a pack that contains two EpiPen Jr Auto-Injectors (epinephrine injections, USP, 1:2000, 0.3 mL) and one EpiPen Auto-Injector trainer device.
 
*EpiPen 2-Pak® and EpiPen Jr 2-Pak® also includes an S-clip to clip two carrier tubes together.
 
*Storage and Handling
:*Protect from light. Epinephrine is light sensitive and should be stored in the carrier tube provided to protect it from light. Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) (See USP Controlled Room Temperature). Do not refrigerate. Before using, check to make sure the solution in the auto-injector is clear and colorless. Replace the auto-injector if the solution is discolored (pinkish or brown color), cloudy, or contains particles.
 
<!--Patient Counseling Information-->
 
|fdaPatientInfo=
 
*A healthcare provider should review the patient instructions and operation of EpiPen and EpiPen Jr in detail, with the patient or caregiver.
 
*Epinephrine is essential for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Patients who are at risk of or with a history of severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) to insect stings or bites, foods, drugs, and other allergens, as well as idiopathic and exercise-induced anaphylaxis, should be carefully instructed about the circumstances under which epinephrine should be used.
 
*Administration and Training
:*Patients and/or caregivers should be instructed in the appropriate use of EpiPen and EpiPen Jr. EpiPen should be injected into the middle of the outer thigh (through clothing, if necessary). Each device is a single-use injection. Advise patients to seek immediate medical care in conjunction with administration of EpiPen.
:*Complete patient information, including dosage, directions for proper administration and precautions can be found inside each EpiPen or EpiPen Jr carton. A printed label on the surface of EpiPen shows instructions for use and a diagram depicting the injection process.
:*Patients and/or caregivers should be instructed to use the Trainer to familiarize themselves with the use of EpiPen in an allergic emergency. The Trainer may be used multiple times. A Trainer device is provided in 2-Pak cartons.
 
*Adverse Reactions
:*Epinephrine may produce symptoms and signs that include an increase in heart rate, the sensation of a more forceful heartbeat, palpitations, sweating, nausea and vomiting, difficulty breathing, pallor, dizziness, weakness or shakiness, headache, apprehension, nervousness, or anxiety. These signs and symptoms usually subside rapidly, especially with rest, quiet and recumbency. Patients with hypertension or hyperthyroidism may develop more severe or persistent effects, and patients with coronary artery disease could experience angina. Patients with diabetes may develop increased blood glucose levels following epinephrine administration. Patients with Parkinson’s disease may notice a temporary worsening of symptoms.
 
*Accidental Injection
:*Advise patients to seek immediate medical care in the case of accidental injection. Since epinephrine is a strong vasoconstrictor when injected into the digits, hands, or feet, treatment should be directed at vasodilatation if there is such an accidental injection to these areas.
 
*Storage and Handling
:*Instruct patients to inspect the epinephrine solution visually through the clear window of the auto-injector periodically. EpiPen and EpiPen Jr should be replaced if the epinephrine solution appears discolored (pinkish or brown color), cloudy, or contains particles. Epinephrine is light sensitive and should be stored in the carrier tube provided to protect it from light. The carrier tube is not waterproof. Patients should be instructed that EpiPen and EpiPen Jr must be used or properly disposed once the blue safety release is removed or after use.
 
: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}02.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
: [[File:{{PAGENAME}}03.png|thumb|none|600px|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.]]
 
<!--Precautions with Alcohol-->
 
|alcohol=
 
* Alcohol-{{PAGENAME}} interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.
 
<!--Brand Names-->
 
|brandNames=
 
* EpiPen®<ref>{{Cite web | title =  | url =  }}</ref>
 
<!--Look-Alike Drug Names-->
 
|lookAlike=
 
* EPINEPHrine® —  ePHEDrine®<ref name="www.ismp.org">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = http://www.ismp.org | url = http://www.ismp.org | publisher =  | date =  }}</ref>
 
<!--Drug Shortage Status-->
 
|drugShortage=
}}
 
<!--Pill Image-->
 
{{PillImage
|fileName=No image.jpg|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
|drugName=
|NDC=
|drugAuthor=
|ingredients=
|pillImprint=
|dosageValue=
|dosageUnit=
|pillColor=
|pillShape=
|pillSize=
|pillScore=
}}
 
<!--Label Display Image-->
 
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}04.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
}}
 
{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}05.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
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{{LabelImage
|fileName={{PAGENAME}}08.png|This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
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<!--Category-->
 
[[Category:Drug]]

Latest revision as of 20:28, 18 August 2015

EpiPen
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vignesh Ponnusamy, M.B.B.S. [2]

Disclaimer

WikiDoc MAKES NO GUARANTEE OF VALIDITY. WikiDoc is not a professional health care provider, nor is it a suitable replacement for a licensed healthcare provider. WikiDoc is intended to be an educational tool, not a tool for any form of healthcare delivery. The educational content on WikiDoc drug pages is based upon the FDA package insert, National Library of Medicine content and practice guidelines / consensus statements. WikiDoc does not promote the administration of any medication or device that is not consistent with its labeling. Please read our full disclaimer here.

Overview

EpiPen is a non-selective alpha and beta-adrenergic receptor agonist that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of allergic reactions (Type I) including anaphylaxis. Common adverse reactions include anxiety, apprehensiveness, restlessness, tremor, weakness, dizziness, sweating, palpitations, pallor, nausea and vomiting, headache, and/or respiratory difficulties..

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Emergency Treatment Of Allergic Reactions (Type I)
  • EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are indicated in the emergency treatment of allergic reactions (Type I) including anaphylaxis to stinging insects (e.g., order Hymenoptera, which include bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants) and biting insects (e.g., triatoma, mosquitoes), allergen immunotherapy, foods, drugs, diagnostic testing substances (e.g., radiocontrast media) and other allergens, as well as idiopathic anaphylaxis or exercise-induced anaphylaxis.
  • EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are intended for immediate administration in patients who are determined to be at increased risk for anaphylaxis, including individuals with a history of anaphylactic reactions.
  • EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are intended for immediate administration as emergency supportive therapy only and are not a substitute for immediate medical care.
  • Dosing Information
  • Selection of the appropriate dosage strength (EpiPen 0.3 mg or EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg) is determined according to patient body weight.
    • Patients greater than or equal to 30 kg (approximately 66 pounds or more): EpiPen 0.3 mg
    • Patients 15 to 30 kg (33 pounds to 66 pounds): EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg
  • Inject EpiPen or EpiPen Jr intramuscularly or subcutaneously into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, through clothing if necessary.
  • Each EpiPen or EpiPen Jr contains a single dose of epinephrine for single-use injection. Since the doses of epinephrine delivered from EpiPen or EpiPen Jr are fixed, consider using other forms of injectable epinephrine if doses lower than 0.15 mg are deemed necessary.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

Acute Symptomatic Bradyarrhythmia
  • Developed by: ACC/AHA
  • Class of Recommendation: Class IIb
  • Strength of Evidence: Category B

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

Emergency Treatment Of Allergic Reactions (Type I)
  • EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are indicated in the emergency treatment of allergic reactions (Type I) including anaphylaxis to stinging insects (e.g., order Hymenoptera, which include bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants) and biting insects (e.g., triatoma, mosquitoes), allergen immunotherapy, foods, drugs, diagnostic testing substances (e.g., radiocontrast media) and other allergens, as well as idiopathic anaphylaxis or exercise-induced anaphylaxis.
  • EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are intended for immediate administration in patients who are determined to be at increased risk for anaphylaxis, including individuals with a history of anaphylactic reactions.
  • EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are intended for immediate administration as emergency supportive therapy only and are not a substitute for immediate medical care.
  • Dosing Information
  • Selection of the appropriate dosage strength (EpiPen 0.3 mg or EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg) is determined according to patient body weight.
    • Patients greater than or equal to 30 kg (approximately 66 pounds or more): EpiPen 0.3 mg
    • Patients 15 to 30 kg (33 pounds to 66 pounds): EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg
  • Inject EpiPen or EpiPen Jr intramuscularly or subcutaneously into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh, through clothing if necessary.
  • Each EpiPen or EpiPen Jr contains a single dose of epinephrine for single-use injection. Since the doses of epinephrine delivered from EpiPen or EpiPen Jr are fixed, consider using other forms of injectable epinephrine if doses lower than 0.15 mg are deemed necessary.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of EpiPen in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Croup
  • Aerosolized levo-epinephrine (1:1000) is at least as effective as racemic epinephrine (2.25%) in the treatment of laryngotracheitis in children (6 months to 6 years of age) with moderate to severe croup.[5]
Wheezing
  • Subcutaneous epinephrine is effective in the treatment of acute wheezing in children less than 2 years of age.[6]

Contraindications

  • None

Warnings

Precautions

  • Emergency Treatment
  • EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are intended for immediate administration as emergency supportive therapy and are not intended as a substitute for immediate medical care. In conjunction with the administration of epinephrine, the patient should seek immediate medical or hospital care. More than two sequential doses of epinephrine should only be administered under direct medical supervision.
  • Incorrect Locations of Injection
  • EpiPen and EpiPen Jr should only be injected into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Patient Counseling Information (17)].
    • Do not inject intravenously. Large doses or accidental intravenous injection of epinephrine may result in cerebral hemorrhage due to sharp rise in blood pressure. Rapidly acting vasodilators can counteract the marked pressor effects of epinephrine if there is such inadvertent administration.
    • Do not inject into buttock. Injection into the buttock may not provide effective treatment of anaphylaxis. Advise the patient to go immediately to the nearest emergency room for further treatment of anaphylaxis. Additionally, injection into the buttock has been associated with gas gangrene. Cleansing with alcohol does not kill bacterial spores, and therefore, does not lower this risk.
    • Do not inject into digits, hands or feet. Since epinephrine is a strong vasoconstrictor, accidental injection into the digits, hands or feet may result in loss of blood flow to the affected area. Advise the patient to go immediately to the nearest emergency room and to inform the healthcare provider in the emergency room of the location of the accidental injection. Treatment of such inadvertent administration should consist of vasodilation, in addition to further appropriate treatment of anaphylaxis [ see Adverse Reactions (6)].
  • Allergic Reactions Associated With Sulfite
  • The presence of a sulfite in this product should not deter administration of the drug for treatment of serious allergic or other emergency situations even if the patient is sulfite-sensitive.
  • Epinephrine is the preferred treatment for serious allergic reactions or other emergency situations even though this product contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may, in other products, cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms or life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible persons.
  • The alternatives to using epinephrine in a life-threatening situation may not be satisfactory.
  • Disease Interactions
  • Some patients may be at greater risk for developing adverse reactions after epinephrine administration. Despite these concerns, it should be recognized that the presence of these conditions is not a contraindication to epinephrine administration in an acute, life-threatening situation. Therefore, patients with these conditions, and/or any other person who might be in a position to administer EpiPen or EpiPen Jr to a patient experiencing anaphylaxis should be carefully instructed in regard to the circumstances under which epinephrine should be used.
  • Patients with Heart Disease
  • Epinephrine should be administered with caution to patients who have heart disease, including patients with cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery or organic heart disease, or hypertension. In such patients, or in patients who are on drugs that may sensitize the heart to arrhythmias, epinephrine may precipitate or aggravate angina pectoris as well as produce ventricular arrhythmias.
  • Other Patients and Diseases
  • Epinephrine should be administered with caution to patients with hyperthyroidism, diabetes, elderly individuals, and pregnant women. Patients with Parkinson’s disease may notice a temporary worsening of symptoms.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

  • Due to the lack of randomized, controlled clinical trials of epinephrine for the treatment of anaphylaxis, the true incidence of adverse reactions associated with the systemic use of epinephrine is difficult to determine. Adverse reactions reported in observational trials, case reports, and studies are listed below.
  • Common adverse reactions to systemically administered epinephrine include anxiety; apprehensiveness; restlessness; tremor; weakness; dizziness; sweating; palpitations; pallor; nausea and vomiting; headache; and/or respiratory difficulties. These symptoms occur in some persons receiving therapeutic doses of epinephrine, but are more likely to occur in patients with hypertension or hyperthyroidism [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
  • Arrhythmias, including fatal ventricular fibrillation, have been reported, particularly in patients with underlying cardiac disease or those receiving certain drugs [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) and Drug Interactions (7)].
  • Rapid rises in blood pressure have produced cerebral hemorrhage, particularly in elderly patients with cardiovascular disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
  • Angina may occur in patients with coronary artery disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
  • Accidental injection into the digits, hands or feet may result in loss of blood flow to the affected area [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
  • Adverse events experienced as a result of accidental injections may include increased heart rate, local reactions including injection site pallor, coldness and hypoesthesia or injury at the injection site resulting in bruising, bleeding, discoloration, erythema or skeletal injury.
  • Injection into the buttock has resulted in cases of gas gangrene.

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Postmarketing Experience of EpiPen in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

  • Patients who receive epinephrine while concomitantly taking cardiac glycosides, diuretics, or anti-arrhythmics should be observed carefully for the development of cardiac arrhythmias [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
  • The effects of epinephrine may be potentiated by tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, levothyroxine sodium, and certain antihistamines, notably chlorpheniramine, tripelennamine, and diphenhydramine.
  • The cardiostimulating and bronchodilating effects of epinephrine are antagonized by beta- adrenergic blocking drugs, such as propranolol.
  • The vasoconstricting and hypertensive effects of epinephrine are antagonized by alpha- adrenergic blocking drugs, such as phentolamine.
  • Ergot alkaloids may also reverse the pressor effects of epinephrine.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA):

  • Pregnancy Category C
  • There are no adequate and well controlled studies of the acute effect of epinephrine in pregnant women.
  • Epinephrine was teratogenic in rabbits, mice and hamsters. Epinephrine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus (fetal anoxia, spontaneous abortion, or both).
  • Epinephrine has been shown to have teratogenic effects when administered subcutaneously in rabbits at approximately 30 times the maximum recommended daily subcutaneous or intramuscular dose (on a mg/m2 basis at a maternal dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day for two to three days), in mice at approximately 7 times the maximum daily subcutaneous or intramuscular dose (on a mg/m2 basis at a maternal subcutaneous dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 10 days), and in hamsters at approximately 5 times the maximum recommended daily subcutaneous or intramuscular dose (on a mg/m2 basis at a maternal subcutaneous dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day for 4 days).
  • These effects were not seen in mice at approximately 3 times the maximum recommended daily subcutaneous or intramuscular dose (on a mg/m2 basis at a subcutaneous maternal dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day for 10 days).


Pregnancy Category (AUS):

  • Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category

There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of EpiPen in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of EpiPen during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • It is not known whether epinephrine is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when EpiPen is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

  • EpiPen or EpiPen Jr may be administered to pediatric patients at a dosage appropriate to body weight. Clinical experience with the use of epinephrine suggests that the adverse reactions seen in children are similar in nature and extent to those both expected and reported in adults. Since the doses of epinephrine delivered from EpiPen and EpiPen Jr are fixed, consider using other forms of injectable epinephrine if doses lower than 0.15 mg are deemed necessary.

Geriatic Use

  • Clinical studies for the treatment of anaphylaxis have not been performed in subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. However, other reported clinical experience with use of epinephrine for the treatment of anaphylaxis has identified that geriatric patients may be particularly sensitive to the effects of epinephrine. Therefore, EpiPen should be administered with caution in elderly individuals, who may be at greater risk for developing adverse reactions after epinephrine administration.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of EpiPen with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of EpiPen with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of EpiPen in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of EpiPen in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of EpiPen in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of EpiPen in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

  • Intramuscular

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Monitoring of EpiPen in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of EpiPen in the drug label.

Overdosage

Acute Overdose

Signs and Symptoms

  • Overdosage of epinephrine may produce extremely elevated arterial pressure, which may result in cerebrovascular hemorrhage, particularly in elderly patients. Overdosage may also result in pulmonary edema because of peripheral vascular constriction together with cardiac stimulation. Treatment consists of rapidly acting vasodilators or alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs and/or respiratory support.
  • Epinephrine overdosage can also cause transient bradycardia followed by tachycardia, and these may be accompanied by potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Premature ventricular contractions may appear within one minute after injection and may be followed by multifocal ventricular tachycardia (prefibrillation rhythm). Subsidence of the ventricular effects may be followed by atrial tachycardia and occasionally by atrioventricular block. Treatment of arrhythmias consists of administration of a beta-adrenergic blocking drug such as propranolol.
  • Overdosage sometimes results in extreme pallor and coldness of the skin, metabolic acidosis, and kidney failure.

Management

  • Suitable corrective measures must be taken in such situations.

Chronic Overdose

There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of EpiPen in the drug label.

Pharmacology

Template:Px
EpiPen
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(R)-4-(1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
Identifiers
CAS number 51-43-4
ATC code A01AD01 B02BC09 (WHO) C01CA24 (WHO) R01AA14 (WHO) R03AA01 (WHO) S01EA01 (WHO)
PubChem 5816
DrugBank DB00668
Chemical data
Formula Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox 
Mol. mass 183.204 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability ?
Metabolism adrenergic synapse (MAO and COMT)
Half life 2 minutes
Excretion Urine
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

C(US)

Legal status

Prescription Only (S4)(AU) POM(UK) OTC(US)

Routes IV, IM, endotracheal, IC, Nasal Ophthalmic

Mechanism of Action

  • Epinephrine acts on both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors.

Structure

  • EpiPen (epinephrine injection, USP) 0.3 mg and EpiPen Jr (epinephrine injection, USP) 0.15 mg are auto-injectors and combination products containing drug and device components.
  • Each EpiPen Auto-Injector, 0.3 mg delivers a single dose of 0.3 mg epinephrine from epinephrine injection, USP 1:1000 (0.3 mL) in a sterile solution.
  • Each EpiPen Jr Auto-Injector, 0.15 mg delivers a single dose of 0.15 mg epinephrine from epinephrine injection, USP 1:2000 (0.3 mL) in a sterile solution.
  • The EpiPen and EpiPen Jr each contain 2 mL epinephrine solution. Approximately 1.7 mL remains in the auto-injector after activation, but is not available for future use, and should be discarded.
  • Each 0.3 mL in the EpiPen Auto-Injector contains 0.3 mg epinephrine, 1.8 mg sodium chloride, 0.5 mg sodium metabisulfite, hydrochloric acid to adjust pH, and Water for Injection. The pH range is 2.2–5.0.
  • Each 0.3 mL in the EpiPen Jr Auto-Injector contains 0.15 mg epinephrine, 1.8 mg sodium chloride, 0.5 mg sodium metabisulfite, hydrochloric acid to adjust pH, and Water for Injection. The pH range is 2.2-5.0.
  • Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic catecholamine. Chemically, epinephrine is (-)-3,4- Dihydroxy-α-[(methylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol with the following structure:
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
  • Epinephrine solution deteriorates rapidly on exposure to air or light, turning pink from oxidation to adrenochrome and brown from the formation of melanin. Replace EpiPen and EpiPen Jr if the epinephrine solution appears discolored (pinkish or brown color), cloudy, or contains particles.
  • Thoroughly review the patient instructions and operation of EpiPen or EpiPen Jr with patients and caregivers prior to use.

Pharmacodynamics

  • Through its action on alpha-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine lessens the vasodilation and increased vascular permeability that occurs during anaphylaxis, which can lead to loss of intravascular fluid volume and hypotension.
  • Through its action on beta-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine causes bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and helps alleviate bronchospasm, wheezing and dyspnea that may occur during anaphylaxis.
  • Epinephrine also alleviates pruritus, urticaria, and angioedema and may relieve gastrointestinal and genitourinary symptoms associated with anaphylaxis because of its relaxer effects on the smooth muscle of the stomach, intestine, uterus and urinary bladder.
  • When given subcutaneously or intramuscularly, epinephrine has a rapid onset and short duration of action.

Pharmacokinetics

There is limited information regarding Pharmacokinetics of EpiPen in the drug label.

Nonclinical Toxicology

  • Long-term studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of epinephrine have not been conducted.
  • Epinephrine and other catecholamines have been shown to have mutagenic potential in vitro and to be an oxidative mutagen in a WP2 bacterial reverse mutation assay.
  • Epinephrine was positive in the DNA Repair test with B. subtilis (REC) assay, but was not mutagenic in the Salmonella bacterial reverse mutation assay.
  • The potential for epinephrine to impair fertility has not been evaluated.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of EpiPen in the drug label.

How Supplied

  • EpiPen Auto-Injectors (epinephrine injections, USP, 1:1000, 0.3 mL) are available as EpiPen 2-Pak®, NDC 49502-500-02, a pack that contains two EpiPen Auto-Injectors (epinephrine injections, USP, 1:1000, 0.3 mL) and one EpiPen Auto-Injector trainer device.
  • EpiPen Jr Auto-Injectors (epinephrine injections, USP, 1:2000, 0.3 mL) are available as EpiPen Jr 2-Pak®, NDC 49502-501-02, a pack that contains two EpiPen Jr Auto-Injectors (epinephrine injections, USP, 1:2000, 0.3 mL) and one EpiPen Auto-Injector trainer device.
  • EpiPen 2-Pak® and EpiPen Jr 2-Pak® also includes an S-clip to clip two carrier tubes together.
  • Storage and Handling
  • Protect from light. Epinephrine is light sensitive and should be stored in the carrier tube provided to protect it from light. Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) (See USP Controlled Room Temperature). Do not refrigerate. Before using, check to make sure the solution in the auto-injector is clear and colorless. Replace the auto-injector if the solution is discolored (pinkish or brown color), cloudy, or contains particles.

Storage

There is limited information regarding EpiPen Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

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Patient Counseling Information

  • A healthcare provider should review the patient instructions and operation of EpiPen and EpiPen Jr in detail, with the patient or caregiver.
  • Epinephrine is essential for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Patients who are at risk of or with a history of severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) to insect stings or bites, foods, drugs, and other allergens, as well as idiopathic and exercise-induced anaphylaxis, should be carefully instructed about the circumstances under which epinephrine should be used.
  • Administration and Training
  • Patients and/or caregivers should be instructed in the appropriate use of EpiPen and EpiPen Jr. EpiPen should be injected into the middle of the outer thigh (through clothing, if necessary). Each device is a single-use injection. Advise patients to seek immediate medical care in conjunction with administration of EpiPen.
  • Complete patient information, including dosage, directions for proper administration and precautions can be found inside each EpiPen or EpiPen Jr carton. A printed label on the surface of EpiPen shows instructions for use and a diagram depicting the injection process.
  • Patients and/or caregivers should be instructed to use the Trainer to familiarize themselves with the use of EpiPen in an allergic emergency. The Trainer may be used multiple times. A Trainer device is provided in 2-Pak cartons.
  • Adverse Reactions
  • Epinephrine may produce symptoms and signs that include an increase in heart rate, the sensation of a more forceful heartbeat, palpitations, sweating, nausea and vomiting, difficulty breathing, pallor, dizziness, weakness or shakiness, headache, apprehension, nervousness, or anxiety. These signs and symptoms usually subside rapidly, especially with rest, quiet and recumbency. Patients with hypertension or hyperthyroidism may develop more severe or persistent effects, and patients with coronary artery disease could experience angina. Patients with diabetes may develop increased blood glucose levels following epinephrine administration. Patients with Parkinson’s disease may notice a temporary worsening of symptoms.
  • Accidental Injection
  • Advise patients to seek immediate medical care in the case of accidental injection. Since epinephrine is a strong vasoconstrictor when injected into the digits, hands, or feet, treatment should be directed at vasodilatation if there is such an accidental injection to these areas.
  • Storage and Handling
  • Instruct patients to inspect the epinephrine solution visually through the clear window of the auto-injector periodically. EpiPen and EpiPen Jr should be replaced if the epinephrine solution appears discolored (pinkish or brown color), cloudy, or contains particles. Epinephrine is light sensitive and should be stored in the carrier tube provided to protect it from light. The carrier tube is not waterproof. Patients should be instructed that EpiPen and EpiPen Jr must be used or properly disposed once the blue safety release is removed or after use.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.
This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

Precautions with Alcohol

  • Alcohol-EpiPen interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

Look-Alike Drug Names

  • EPINEPHrine® — ePHEDrine®[8]

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. Neumar, Robert W. (2010-11-02). "Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care". Circulation. 122 (18 Suppl 3): –729-767. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988. ISSN 1524-4539. PMID 20956224. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  2. Chung, S. C. (1988-06-11). "Endoscopic injection of adrenaline for actively bleeding ulcers: a randomised trial". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 296 (6637): 1631–1633. ISSN 0267-0623. PMC 2546160. PMID 3135047. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
  3. Hirao, M. (1988-06). "Endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer and other tumors with local injection of hypertonic saline-epinephrine". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 34 (3): 264–269. ISSN 0016-5107. PMID 3391382. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. Folwaczny, C. (1997-01). "Influence of prophylactic local administration of epinephrine on bleeding complications after polypectomy". Endoscopy. 29 (1): 31–33. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1004058. ISSN 0013-726X. PMID 9083734. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. Waisman, Y. (1992-02). "Prospective randomized double-blind study comparing L-epinephrine and racemic epinephrine aerosols in the treatment of laryngotracheitis (croup)". Pediatrics. 89 (2): 302–306. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 1734400. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. Lowell, D. I. (1987-06). "Wheezing in infants: the response to epinephrine". Pediatrics. 79 (6): 939–945. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 3295741. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. Empty citation (help)
  8. "http://www.ismp.org". External link in |title= (help)


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