Coccidioidomycosis natural history: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
Line 3: Line 3:
{{Coccidioidomycosis}}
{{Coccidioidomycosis}}


==Overview==
===Natural History===
Coccidioidomycosis is usually a self-limited mild clinical illness. A large proportion of individuals are clinically infected without any manifestations and are thus completely asymptomatic. The remaining develop a mild pulmonary illness which in most cases is self limited requiring no treatment, and even those cases which do require treatment have an excellent prognosis. It is often misdiagnosed as [[community-acquired pneumonia]]. There are several cutaneous manifestations such as [[erythema multiforme]] and [[erythema nodosum]], it may even cause [[arthritis]] and [[arthralgias]].
*Coccidioidomycosis is usually a self-limited mild clinical illness.
In a few cases, the clinical picture may be complicated due to widespread dissemination of the organism leading to a number of complications.
*A large proportion of individuals are clinically infected without any manifestations and are thus completely asymptomatic.  
 
*The remaining develop a mild pulmonary illness which in most cases is self limited requiring no treatment, and even those cases which do require treatment have an excellent prognosis.  
*It is often misdiagnosed as [[community-acquired pneumonia]]. There are several cutaneous manifestations such as [[erythema multiforme]] and [[erythema nodosum]], it may even cause [[arthritis]] and [[arthralgias]].
*If left untreated in patients with weakened immune systems,the infection spreads throughout the body.
*The disseminated form of ''Coccidioidomycosis'' can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers, [[abscess]]es, bone lesions, swollen joints with severe pain, heart inflammation, [[urinary tract]] problems, and [[meningitis|inflammation of the brain's lining]], which can lead to death.<ref>Galgiani J. N. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Cecil, Russell L., Lee Goldman, and D. A. Ausiello. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.</ref>
==Complications==
==Complications==
 
Complications of [[coccidioidomycosis]] include:<ref name="Angelo-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Angelo | first1 = KM. | last2 = Nnedu | first2 = ON. | title = Rare manifestations of coccidioidomycosis. | journal = J La State Med Soc |volume = 165 | issue = 3 | pages = 137-9 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 24015425 }}</ref><ref name="Remesar-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Remesar | first1 = MC. | last2 = Blejer | first2 = JL. | last3 = Negroni | first3 = R. | last4 = Nejamkis | first4 = MR. | title = Experimental coccidioidomycosis in the immunosuppressed rat. | journal = Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 303-7 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 1342086 }}</ref>
Serious complications may occur in patients with weakened immune systems, including severe [[pneumonia]], lung [[granuloma|nodule]]s, and possible disseminated form, where the infection spreads throughout the body. The disseminated form of ''Coccidioidomycosis'' can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers, [[abscess]]es, bone lesions, swollen joints with severe pain, heart inflammation, [[urinary tract]] problems, and [[meningitis|inflammation of the brain's lining]], which can lead to death.<ref>Galgiani J. N. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Cecil, Russell L., Lee Goldman, and D. A. Ausiello. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.</ref>
 
Disseminated coccidioidomycosis is a serious complication that is more likely if you have a weakened immune system due to anti-tumor necrosis factor ([[TNF]]) therapy, [[cancer]], [[chemotherapy]], [[diabetes]], [[glucocorticoid]] medications ([[prednisone]]), heart-lung (cardiopulmonary) conditions, [[HIV]], organ transplants (and associated medicates), [[pregnancy]] (especially the first trimester).<ref name="Angelo-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Angelo | first1 = KM. | last2 = Nnedu | first2 = ON. | title = Rare manifestations of coccidioidomycosis. | journal = J La State Med Soc |volume = 165 | issue = 3 | pages = 137-9 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 24015425 }}</ref><ref name="Remesar-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Remesar | first1 = MC. | last2 = Blejer | first2 = JL. | last3 = Negroni | first3 = R. | last4 = Nejamkis | first4 = MR. | title = Experimental coccidioidomycosis in the immunosuppressed rat. | journal = Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 303-7 | month =  | year =  | doi =  | PMID = 1342086 }}</ref>
 
Complications of [[coccidioidomycosis]] include:
* [[Pleural effusion]]
* [[Pleural effusion]]
* Return of the infection ([[relapse]]
* Return of the infection ([[relapse]]
Line 20: Line 18:
* [[Synovitis]] and [[Osteomyelitis]].
* [[Synovitis]] and [[Osteomyelitis]].


Medications used to treat this infection may also cause side effects, including [[fever]], [[chills]], and [[nausea]].
===Prognosis===
 
Factors associated with increased risk of more severe disease include the following:
*HIV disease,with low CD4 count (<250)
*Late stage Pregnancy( third trimester)
*Organ transplantation
*Immunosuppresant therapy such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors
<ref name="pmid15188373">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergstrom L, Yocum DE, Ampel NM, Villanueva I, Lisse J, Gluck O, Tesser J, Posever J, Miller M, Araujo J, Kageyama DM, Berry M, Karl L, Yung CM |title=Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1959–66 |year=2004 |pmid=15188373 |doi=10.1002/art.20454 |url=}}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 19:47, 9 March 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [2]

Coccidioidomycosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Coccidioides immitis
Coccidioides posadasii

Differentiating Coccidioidomycosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Coccidioidomycosis natural history On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Coccidioidomycosis natural history

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Coccidioidomycosis natural history

CDC on Coccidioidomycosis natural history

Coccidioidomycosis natural history in the news

Blogs on Coccidioidomycosis natural history

Directions to Hospitals Treating Coccidioidomycosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Coccidioidomycosis natural history

Natural History

  • Coccidioidomycosis is usually a self-limited mild clinical illness.
  • A large proportion of individuals are clinically infected without any manifestations and are thus completely asymptomatic.
  • The remaining develop a mild pulmonary illness which in most cases is self limited requiring no treatment, and even those cases which do require treatment have an excellent prognosis.
  • It is often misdiagnosed as community-acquired pneumonia. There are several cutaneous manifestations such as erythema multiforme and erythema nodosum, it may even cause arthritis and arthralgias.
  • If left untreated in patients with weakened immune systems,the infection spreads throughout the body.
  • The disseminated form of Coccidioidomycosis can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers, abscesses, bone lesions, swollen joints with severe pain, heart inflammation, urinary tract problems, and inflammation of the brain's lining, which can lead to death.[1]

Complications

Complications of coccidioidomycosis include:[2][3]

Prognosis

Factors associated with increased risk of more severe disease include the following:

  • HIV disease,with low CD4 count (<250)
  • Late stage Pregnancy( third trimester)
  • Organ transplantation
  • Immunosuppresant therapy such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors

[4]

References

  1. Galgiani J. N. Coccidioidomycosis. In: Cecil, Russell L., Lee Goldman, and D. A. Ausiello. Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007.
  2. Angelo, KM.; Nnedu, ON. "Rare manifestations of coccidioidomycosis". J La State Med Soc. 165 (3): 137–9. PMID 24015425.
  3. Remesar, MC.; Blejer, JL.; Negroni, R.; Nejamkis, MR. "Experimental coccidioidomycosis in the immunosuppressed rat". Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 34 (4): 303–7. PMID 1342086.
  4. Bergstrom L, Yocum DE, Ampel NM, Villanueva I, Lisse J, Gluck O, Tesser J, Posever J, Miller M, Araujo J, Kageyama DM, Berry M, Karl L, Yung CM (2004). "Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists". Arthritis Rheum. 50 (6): 1959–66. doi:10.1002/art.20454. PMID 15188373.

Template:WH Template:WS