Citrobacter: Difference between revisions

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| pages = 782-784
| pages = 782-784
| doi = 10.1126/science.1496397}}</ref>
| doi = 10.1126/science.1496397}}</ref>
2.  Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome  AUTHORS:  V. Drelichman and J. D. Band
* From 1974 to 1982, 38 patients developed Citrobacter bacteremia at two adult community-teaching hospitals in the Detroit Medical Center (incidence, 1.2 cases per 10,000 discharges). Citrobacter accounted for 0.7% of all bacteremias during the study period. Of 31 cases reviewed, Citrobacter bacteremia frequently developed in elderly patients (65%) and was hospital acquired (77%). Initial sites of infection included the urinary tract (39%), gastrointestinal tract (27%), wound (10%), and unknown (13%). More bacteremias caused by Citrobacter diversus tended to arise from the urinary tract, while patients with Citrobacter freundii bacteremia had significantly more gallbladder disease. Patients with Citrobacter bacteremia were more likely than patients with Escherichia coli bacteremia to have had additional pathogens in the bloodstream, to develop bacteremia in the hospital, and to have undergone invasive procedures contributing to infection. Significant differences were not observed in demographic, host, or other epidemiologic or clinical factors examined. Of patients with Citrobacter bacteremia, 48% died.
3.  Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells  AUTHORS Julie L. Badger,1 Monique F. Stins,1 and Kwang Sik Kim1,2,*
* Division of Infectious Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles,1 and University of Southern California School of Medicine,2 Los Angeles, California 90027
Received 12 February 1999/Accepted 4 May 1999
Neonatal bacterial meningitis remains a disease with unacceptable rates of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of effective antimicrobial therapy. Citrobacter spp. cause neonatal meningitis but are unique in their frequent association with brain abscess formation. The pathogenesis of Citrobacter spp. causing meningitis and brain abscess is not well characterized; however, as with other meningitis-causing bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli K1 and group B streptococci), penetration of the blood-brain barrier must occur. In an effort to understand the pathogenesis of Citrobacter spp. causing meningitis, we have used the in vitro blood-brain barrier model of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) to study the interaction between C. freundii and HBMEC. In this study, we show that C. freundii is capable of invading and trancytosing HBMEC in vitro. Invasion of HBMEC by C. freundii was determined to be dependent on microfilaments, microtubules, endosome acidification, and de novo protein synthesis. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies revealed that microtubules aggregated after HBMEC came in contact with C. freundii; furthermore, the microtubule aggregation was time dependent and seen with C. freundii but not with noninvasive E. coli HB101 and meningitic E. coli K1. Also in contrast to other meningitis-causing bacteria, C. freundii is able to replicate within HBMEC. This is the first demonstration of a meningitis-causing bacterium capable of intracellular replication within BMEC. The important determinants of the pathogenesis of C. freundii causing meningitis and brain abscess may relate to invasion of and intracellular replication in HBME
===Antimicrobial regimen===
===Antimicrobial regimen===
:* '''Citrobacter freundii'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>
:* '''Citrobacter freundii'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref>

Revision as of 14:55, 7 August 2015

Citrobacter
Citrobacter freundii
Citrobacter freundii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Citrobacter
Werkman and Gillen, 1932
Species

C. amalonaticus
C. braakii
C. farmeri
C. freundii
C. gillenii
C. intermedius
C. koseri aka C. diversus
C. murliniae
C. rodentium
C. sedlakii
C. werkmanii
C. youngae

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Organism

Antimicrobial regimen

  • Citrobacter freundii[2]
  • Citrobacter koseri[3]
  • Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV q12-24h
  • Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 1-2 g IV q6h
  • Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 1-2 IV q8h
  • Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h or 500 mg PO q12h for UTI
  • Alternative regimen (2): Imipenem 1 g IV q6h
  • Alternative regimen (3): Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
  • Alternative regimen (4): Meropenem 1-2 g IV q8h
  • Alternative regimen (5): Aztreonam 1-2 g IV q6h
  • Alternative regimen (6): TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg IV q6h or DS PO bid for UTI
  • Note: Usually Ampicillin resistant, but may be sensitive to first generation cephalosporins.

Gallery

References

  1. L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham, C. P. Grey, A. J. Skarnulis (1992). "Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO2PO4". Science. 257: 782–784. doi:10.1126/science.1496397.
  2. Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  3. Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
  4. "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

External links

Template:Proteobacteria-stub

ca:Citrobacteri de:Citrobacter