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Revision as of 13:44, 19 November 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Flint disease

Overview

Chalicosis (Greek, χάλιξ, gravel), also called Flint disease, is a disorder of the lungs or bronchioles (chiefly among stonecutters), due to the inhalation of fine particles of stones; it is a form of pneumoconiosis.

Historical Perspective

  • The term chalicosis was first introduced by Merkel in 1870, for pneumoconiosis cases caused due to fine gravel or stone.
  • Chalicosis is seen mostly in stonecutters.

Pathophysiology

The ciliated epithelium in the lungs, along with mucus secretions and phagocytes protect the airways from dust. When there is exposure to excessive dust, the epithelium is unable to arrest all the pigment, resulting in it's leakage into subpleaural and interbronchial tissues; and interspaces of alveoli. This results in an inflammatory response and release of tumor necrosis factors, interleukin-1, leukotriene B4 and other cytokines resulting in activation of fibroblasts to proliferate and produce collagen around the dust particle; which causes fibrosis and nodular lesions in the lungs.

Associated Conditions

  • Hepatosplenic involvement is not uncommon with chalicosis.

Causes

  • Inhalation of fine particles of stones.

Differentiating type page name here from other Diseases

Risk Factors

  • Occupations with excessive exposure to stone dust like excavations in mines, mining of nonferrous metal ores, tunnels, quarries, underground galleries, dry cutting, grinding, sieving and manipulation of minerals and rock, foundry work, milling work, sandblasting and grinding, pottery industry.

Natural History

Chalicosis is a slowly progressive disease where it can take upto 10 years for the manifestations to occur.

References

  • Dorland's Medical Dictionary (1938)
  • Pneumoconiosis by A Meiklejohn
  • Pulmonary Fibrosis, Clifford R. Orr and William F. Jacobs, Radiology 1926 7:4, 318-325
  • Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017, A. Zimmermann, Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26956-6_123
  • Silicosis and Other Health Problems of Metal Miners , WALDEMAR C. DREESSEN, M.D., RICHARD T. PAGE, F.A.P.H.A., AND HUGH P. BRINTON, PH.D.,