Carcinoid syndrome classification

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anum Gull M.B.B.S.[2]Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [3]

Overview

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are classified based upon their origin from the embryonic divisions of the alimentary tract into foregut,midgut and hindgut tumours.


Classification

  • Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are classified based upon their origin from the embryonic divisions of the alimentary tract:
  1. Foregut (bronchial, stomach)
  2. Midgut (small intestine, appendix, cecum)
  3. Hindgut (distal colon, rectum, genitourinary)
  • GET-NETs produce a number of secretory products, resulting in a wide range of clinical symptoms.[1] [2][3]
  • Midgut gastrointestinal tract NETs (GINETs) produce serotonin and other vasoactive substances that give rise to the typical carcinoid syndrome.


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Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Foregut Midgut Hindgut
Location
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
  • Bronchus
  • Thymus
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse,
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Genitourinary
Hormones produced
  • 5-hydroxytryptophan
  • Histamine,
  • Multiple polypeptides
  • Serotonin
  • Prostaglandins,
  • Polypeptides
Variable
Possibility of carcinoid syndrome Rare, and atypical when it happens Classic Rare

References

  1. Büyükaşık K, Arı A, Tatar C, Akçe B, Sevinç MM, Sarı S, Paşaoğlu E, Bektaş H (2017). "Clinicopathological features of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A retrospective evaluation of 42 cases". Turk J Surg. 33 (4): 279–283. doi:10.5152/UCD.2017.3685. PMID 29260133.
  2. Davies L, Weickert MO (2016). "Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: an overview". Br J Nurs. 25 (4): S12–5. doi:10.12968/bjon.2016.25.4.S12. PMID 26911175.
  3. Oberg K, Castellano D (March 2011). "Current knowledge on diagnosis and staging of neuroendocrine tumors". Cancer Metastasis Rev. 30 Suppl 1: 3–7. doi:10.1007/s10555-011-9292-1. PMID 21311954.

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