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| {{Candidiasis}} | | __NOTOC__ |
| | {{Candida vulvovaginitis}} |
| | {{About1|Candida albicans}} |
| '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]]''' |
| {{Infobox_Disease | | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KS}} {{DN}}{{AKI}} |
| Name = Candidiasis |
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| Image = Candida albicans .jpg |
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| Caption = [[Agar plate]] culture of ''Candida albicans'' |
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| DiseasesDB = 1929 |
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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|37||b|35}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|112}} |
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| ICDO = |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = 001511 |
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| eMedicineSubj = |
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| eMedicineTopic = |
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| eMedicine_mult = |
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| MeshID = D002177 |
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| }} | |
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| {{CMG}} | | {{SK}} Yeast infection, candida vaginitis |
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| ==[[Candidiasis overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Candida vulvovaginitis overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==[[Candidiasis historical perspective|Historical perspective]]== | | ==[[Candida vulvovaginitis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| ==[[Candidiasis causes|Causes of Candidiasis]]== | | ==[[Candida vulvovaginitis classification|Classification]]== |
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| ==[[Candidiasis history and symptoms|History & Symptoms]]== | | ==[[Candida vulvovaginitis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| ==[[Candidiasis physical examination|Physical Examination]]== | | ==[[Candida vulvovaginitis causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==[[Candidiasis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | ==[[Candida vulvovaginitis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Candidiasis from other Diseases]]== |
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| == Diagnosis == | | ==[[Candida vulvovaginitis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| Medical professionals use two primary methods to diagnose yeast infections: microscopic examination, and culturing.
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| For the microscope method, a scraping or swab of the affected area is placed on a microscope slide. A single drop of 10% [[potassium hydroxide]] (KOH) solution is then also placed on the slide. The KOH dissolves the skin cells but leaves the ''Candida'' untouched, so that when the slide is viewed under a microscope, the hyphae and pseudo spores of ''Candida'' are visible. Their presence in large numbers strongly suggests a yeast infection.
| | ==[[Candida vulvovaginitis risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| For the culturing method, a sterile swab is rubbed on the infected skin surface. The swab is then rubbed across a culture medium. The medium is incubated for several days, during which time colonies of yeast and/or bacteria develop. The characteristics of the colonies provide a presumptive diagnosis of the organism causing symptoms.
| | ==[[Candida vulvovaginitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| == Treatment == | | ==Diagnosis== |
| It is important to consider that ''Candida'' species are frequently part of the human body's normal oral and intestinal flora. Candidiasis is occasionally misdiagnosed by medical personnel as bacterial in nature, and treated with [[antibiotic]]s against bacteria. This can lead to eliminating the yeast's natural competitors for resources, and increase the severity of the condition.
| | [[Candida vulvovaginitis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis x ray| X Ray]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis CT| CT]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis other imaging findings| Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| In clinical settings, candidiasis is commonly treated with antimycotics - the [[antifungal drug]]s commonly used to treat candidiasis are topical [[clotrimazole]], topical [[nystatin]], [[fluconazole]], and topical [[ketoconazole]]. In severe infections (generally in hospitalized patients), [[amphotericin B]], [[caspofungin]], or [[voriconazole]] may be used. Local treatment may include vaginal [[suppository|suppositories]] or medicated [[douche]]s. [[Gentian violet]] can be used for breastfeeding thrush, but pediatrician recommends using it sparingly, since in large quantities it can cause mouth and throat ulcerations in nursing babies, and has been linked to mouth cancer in humans and to cancer in the digestive tract of other animals. <ref>[http://extoxnet.orst.edu/newsletters/n115_91.htm extoxnet.orst.edu]</ref>
| | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Candida vulvovaginitis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Candida vulvovaginitis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| One of the most potent nondrug or natural yeast-fighting substances is caprylic acid, a medium-chain fatty acid derived from coconut oil. Caprylic acid in capsule form is commonly sold as a dietary supplement in health food stores. It is very effective against Candida and other forms of fungi. It is even effective mixed with a little coconut oil or vitamin E oil as a topical application for fungal skin infections. Some cases of fungal infections that have lasted for months clear up in a matter of days using caprylic acid and a little coconut oil. It works just as effectively inside the body, killing fungi without the least bit of harm.
| | ==Case Studies== |
| | [[Candida vulvovaginitis case study one|Case #1]] |
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| Polynesian women who eat their traditional coconut-based diet rarely, if ever, get yeast infections. Only in more temperate climates where processed vegetable oils are the main source of dietary fat are yeast infections, skin fungus, acne, and other skin infections big problems. Lauric acid, found in coconut oil, kills lipid-coated bacteria but does not appear to harm the friendly intestinal bacteria. Medium-Chain Fatty Acids (MCFA)s also have antifungal properties, so not only will they kill disease-causing bacteria and leave good bacteria alone but also they will kill Candida and other fungi in the intestinal tract, further supporting a healthy intestinal environment. Eating coconut oil on a regular basis, as the Polynesians do, helps to keep Candida and other harmful microorganisms at bay.
| | ==External Links== |
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| Some home remedies for candidiasis include the consumption or direct application of [[Yoghurt|yogurt]] (which contains [[lactobacillus]]), [[probiotics]], [[acidophilus]] tablets or salves, Pau d'arco tea, and even lightly crushed cloves of [[garlic]], which yield [[allicin]], an antifungal agent. [[Boric acid]] has also been used to treat yeast infections (by inserting gelcaps filled with boric acid powder into the vagina at bedtime for three to four consecutive nights). Eating a diet consisting primarily of green, fresh, raw vegetables also may give relief. Other alternative treatments consist in consuming a fermented beverage called [[Kefir]].
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| While home remedies may offer relief in minor cases of infection (although a peer-reviewed study in Australia found yogurt ineffective as treatment for ''Candida albicans''), seeking medical attention may be necessary, especially if the extent of the infection cannot be judged accurately by the patient. For instance, oral thrush is visible only at the upper digestive tract, but it may be that the lower digestive tract is likewise colonized by ''Candida'' species.
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| Treating candidiasis solely with medication may not give desired results, and other underlying causes require consideration. As an example, oral candidiasis is often linked to the use of inhaled [[corticosteroids]] in [[asthma medication]]. Patients on long-term inhaled corticosteroids should rinse their mouths after each dose of steroids to counteract this effect. Oral candidiasis can also be the sign of a more serious condition, such as [[HIV]] infection, or other immunodeficiency diseases. Following the health tips at [[vulvovaginal health]] can help prevent vaginal candidiasis.
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| Babies with diaper rash should have their diaper areas kept clean, dry, and exposed to air as much as possible. [[Sugar]]s assist the overgrowth of yeast, possibly explaining the increased prevalence of yeast infections in patients with [[diabetes mellitus]], as noted above. As many ''Candida spp.'' reside in the digestive tract, dietary changes may be effective for preventing or during a ''Candida'' infection. Due to its requirement for readily fermentable carbon sources, such as mono- or dimeric sugars (e.g., [[sucrose]], [[glucose]], [[lactose]]) and starch, avoiding foods that contain these nutrients in high abundance may help to prevent excessive ''Candida'' growth. [[Breast milk]] is a suitable growth substrate for yeasts, and both nursing mother and baby need to be treated (even if both are not symptomatic) to prevent thrush from being passed between mother and child. <ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=123132 PubMed Central Article]</ref>
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| ==Case Example: Renal Candidiasis==
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| ===Clinical Summary===
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| A 73-year-old black male was in good health until about three months before his death when he noticed enlarged lymph nodes first in both inguinal regions and later elsewhere. Antileukemic therapy was begun. About two weeks prior to his death the patient presented to the emergency room with uncontrollable epistaxis. On physical examination, the liver was palpable but the spleen was not. The white blood count was below normal and consisted mainly of lymphocytes with many atypical cells. The patient's bone marrow was also found to be heavily loaded with lymphocytes. Platelets were extremely low and remained so despite platelet transfusions. Subsequently, the patient developed pneumonia which progressed until death. Antemortem cultures yielded Candida tropicalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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| ===Autopsy Findings===
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| At autopsy, there was evidence of disseminated candidiasis.
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| ===Histopathological Findings===
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| [http://www.peir.net Images courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
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| [[Image:Renal candidiasis 001.jpg|left|thumb|350px|This autopsy photograph of the kidneys demonstrates the multifocal punctate lesions visible on the serosal surface (arrows). Don't confuse these small yellow punctate lesions with the fat that is adherent to the renal capsule. ]]
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| [[Image:Renal candidiasis 002.jpeg|left|thumb|350px|This photograph of the cut surface of these kidneys shows that these multifocal punctate lesions are primarily in the cortex (arrows).]]
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| [[Image:Renal candidiasis 003.jpeg|left|thumb|350px|This is a low-power photomicrograph of lymph node with three prominent areas of Candida colonies (arrows). Even at this low magnification, the purple-staining yeast and pseudohyphae can be easily seen. This section was stained with Periodic Acid-Schiff Hematoxylin (PASH), which stains the cell wall of fungi to make them more easily visible.]]
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| [[Image:Renal candidiasis 004.jpeg|left|thumb|350px|This is a low-power photomicrograph of one of the Candida colonies from this lymph node. The chains of yeast which are termed "pseudohyphae" are apparent at this magnification. ]]
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| [[Image:Renal candidiasis 005.jpeg|left|thumb|350px|This higher-power photomicrograph shows the yeasts and pseudohyphae in this focus of Candida organisms. ]]
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| [[Image:Renal candidiasis 006.jpeg|left|thumb|350px|This high-power photomicrograph shows the yeasts (1) and pseudohyphae (2). ]]
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| [[Image:Renal candidiasis 007.jpeg|left|thumb|350px|This is a low-power photomicrograph of the kidney from this same case. Note the Candida colonies (arrows). The pseudohyphae are evident around the periphery of these colonies even at this low magnification. ]]
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| [[Image:Renal candidiasis 008.jpeg|left|thumb|350px|This is a higher-power photomicrograph of a Candida colony in the kidney. Note the pseudohyphae of the Candida organisms. ]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links== | |
| * {{cite web |title=Vaginitis |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/healthscience/healthtopics/vaginitis/ |author=National Institute of Allergies and Infections |date=June 27, 2007 |accessdate=2008-02-21}} - fact sheet on vaginitis/vaginal infections | | * {{cite web |title=Vaginitis |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/healthscience/healthtopics/vaginitis/ |author=National Institute of Allergies and Infections |date=June 27, 2007 |accessdate=2008-02-21}} - fact sheet on vaginitis/vaginal infections |
| * [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/oral-thrush/DS00408 Oral Thrush] Mayo Clinic
| | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| * [http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/result.cfm?Diagnosis=85 DermAtlas candidiasis images]
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| * [http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/31092.html#treat InteliHealth page on candidiasis] Presented by InteliHealth reviewed by [[Harvard Medical School]]
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| * [http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/yeastinfection.html Links to pictures of Yeast Infection (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)]
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| * {{cite web |title=Yeast Infections |url=http://www.vaginapagina.com/index.php?title=Yeast_Infection |publisher=VaginaPagina}} - info on treatments
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| ==See Also==
| | [[Category:Disease]] |
| * [[Candida albicans]]
| | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| * [[Oral candidiasis]]
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| [[nl:Witte vloed]]
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| [[tr:Kandidiyazis]]
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| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
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| [[Category:Nephrology]] | |
| [[Category:Dermatology]] | |
| [[Category:Gynecology]] | | [[Category:Gynecology]] |
| [[Category:Microbiology]] | | [[Category:Obstetrics]] |
| [[Category:Overview complete]]
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