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==Overview==
==Overview==
''Anaphylaxis'' is an [[acute (medical)|acute]] systemic (multi-system) and severe Type I Hypersensitivity [[allergy|allergic]] reaction in humans and other [[mammal]]s. Anaphylaxis occurs when a person or animal is exposed to a trigger substance, called an [[allergen]], to which they have already become sensitized. Minute amounts of allergens may cause a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction. Anaphylaxis may occur after ingestion, skin contact, injection of an allergen or, in rare cases, inhalation. The mainstay of treatment is to avoid the allergen with secondary treatment being supportive with antihistamines, glucocorticoids, fluids and bronchodilators. <ref name="pmid28800865">{{cite journal| author=LoVerde D, Iweala OI, Eginli A, Krishnaswamy G| title=Anaphylaxis. | journal=Chest | year= 2018 | volume= 153 | issue= 2 | pages= 528-543 | pmid=28800865 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.033 | pmc=6026262 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28800865  }} </ref>
Anaphylaxis is an [[acute (medical)|acute]] systemic [[Hypersensitivity|Type I Hypersensitivity]] [[allergy|allergic]] reaction. [[Anaphylaxis]] occurs when a person is exposed to a trigger [[allergen]] that they have been previously sensitized to. Anaphylaxis can occur through ingestion, [[skin]] contact or injection. <ref name="pmid28800865">{{cite journal| author=LoVerde D, Iweala OI, Eginli A, Krishnaswamy G| title=Anaphylaxis. | journal=Chest | year= 2018 | volume= 153 | issue= 2 | pages= 528-543 | pmid=28800865 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.033 | pmc=6026262 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28800865  }} </ref> The [[allergen]] causes a release of mast cells into the circulation. <ref name="pmid26357949">{{cite journal| author=Yu JE, Lin RY| title=The Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis. | journal=Clin Rev Allergy Immunol | year= 2018 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 366-374 | pmid=26357949 | doi=10.1007/s12016-015-8503-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26357949  }} </ref> It is marked by life threatening compromise of airway, breathing and circulation. <ref name="pmid28780941">{{cite journal| author=Reber LL, Hernandez JD, Galli SJ| title=The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2017 | volume= 140 | issue= 2 | pages= 335-348 | pmid=28780941 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.003 | pmc=5657389 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28780941  }} </ref> Common causes in children are usually food whereas in adults it is usually linked to [[Medication|medications]] and [[Insect Bites|insect]] stings. <ref name="pmid28372711">{{cite journal| author=Commins SP| title=Outpatient Emergencies: Anaphylaxis. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 2017 | volume= 101 | issue= 3 | pages= 521-536 | pmid=28372711 | doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2016.12.003 | pmc=5381731 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28372711  }} </ref> The mainstay of prevention is to avoid the [[allergen]]. <ref name="pmid28800865">{{cite journal| author=LoVerde D, Iweala OI, Eginli A, Krishnaswamy G| title=Anaphylaxis. | journal=Chest | year= 2018 | volume= 153 | issue= 2 | pages= 528-543 | pmid=28800865 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.033 | pmc=6026262 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28800865  }} </ref> The mainstay of treatment is [[epinephrine]]. <ref name="pmidDOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4006">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4006 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>
 
==Historical Perspective==
The term comes from the Greek words ''ana'' (against) and ''phylaxis'' (protection).
 
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==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 09:53, 15 April 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dushka Riaz, MD

Overview

Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic Type I Hypersensitivity allergic reaction. Anaphylaxis occurs when a person is exposed to a trigger allergen that they have been previously sensitized to. Anaphylaxis can occur through ingestion, skin contact or injection. [1] The allergen causes a release of mast cells into the circulation. [2] It is marked by life threatening compromise of airway, breathing and circulation. [3] Common causes in children are usually food whereas in adults it is usually linked to medications and insect stings. [4] The mainstay of prevention is to avoid the allergen. [1] The mainstay of treatment is epinephrine. [5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 LoVerde D, Iweala OI, Eginli A, Krishnaswamy G (2018). "Anaphylaxis". Chest. 153 (2): 528–543. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.033. PMC 6026262. PMID 28800865.
  2. ↑ Yu JE, Lin RY (2018). "The Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis". Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 54 (3): 366–374. doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8503-x. PMID 26357949.
  3. ↑ Reber LL, Hernandez JD, Galli SJ (2017). "The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 140 (2): 335–348. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.003. PMC 5657389. PMID 28780941.
  4. ↑ Commins SP (2017). "Outpatient Emergencies: Anaphylaxis". Med Clin North Am. 101 (3): 521–536. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2016.12.003. PMC 5381731. PMID 28372711.
  5. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1542/peds.2016-4006 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-4006 Check |pmid= value (help).

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