Adenoiditis medical therapy
Adenoiditis Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
Case Studies |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]
Overview
The mainstay of therapy for adenoiditis is symptomatic therapy. Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with recurrent and chronic adenoiditis.
Medical Therapy
Antibiotic therapy:
- There are no proven evidence of medical therapy effectiveness in recurrent or chronic adenoiditis cases.[1]
- Systemic oral antibiotics can be used if the suspected organism is a bacteria and should be prescribed for a long-term (ie, 6 wk) for lymphoid tissue infection.
- The most appropriate antibiotics are amoxicillin - clavulanic acid or a cephalosporin.
- Cephalosporins and macrolides are considered good alternatives to penicillin in the acute setting.[2]
- A macrolide such as erythromycin is indicated for patients allergic to penicillin.
- Although antibiotic therapy can treat acute adenoiditis, it usually fail to eradicate the bacteria in chronic or recurrent adenoiditis.
- Nowadays with the current trend of resistant bacteria, the use of prophylactic or long-term antibiotics has been decreased.[4]
Challenges of Treatment
Despite in vitro efficacy, there is frequently reported inability of penicillin to fully resolve GABHS from patients with acute and relapsing adenoiditis.[5]
- Over the past 50 years, the rate of penicillin failure has consistently increased from about 7% in 1950 to almost 40% in 2000.
- There are several explanations for the failure of penicillin to eradicate GABHS adenoiditis:
- Poor penetration of penicillin into the adenoid tissues, as well as the epithelial cells.[6]
- Bacterial interactions between GABHS and the other members of the adenoidal bacterial flora.
- It is hypothesized that the enzyme beta-lactamase, secreted by beta-lactamase-producing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that colonize the pharynx, tonsils and adenoids, may “shield” GABHS from penicillin.
- These organisms include S. aureus, Haemophillus influenzae, and Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium spp.[7] A recent increase was noted in the recovery of MRSA which was isolated from 16% of adenoids, making it more difficult to eradicate this and other beta-lactamase producing organisms.[8]
- It is hypothesized that the enzyme beta-lactamase, secreted by beta-lactamase-producing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that colonize the pharynx, tonsils and adenoids, may “shield” GABHS from penicillin.
- Coaggregation between Moraxella catarrhalis and GABHS, which can facilitate GABHS colonization.
- Absence of normal bacterial flora and resultant lack of interference on the growth of GABHS, makeing it easier for GABHS to colonize and invade the adenoid area.
- Poor penetration of penicillin into the adenoidal cells and adenoidal surface fluid (allowing intracellular survival of GABHS)[6]
- Resistance (i.e., erythromycin) or tolerance (i.e., penicillin) to the administered antibiotic
- Inappropriate dose, duration of therapy, or choice of antibiotic
Symptomatic Treatment and Pain Management
- Topical therapy:
- Topical nasal steroids in children can be used to treat adenoid hypertrophy.
- Topical nasal steroids can lead to adenoid shrinkage slightly (ie, up to 10%), which may help relieve some nasal obstruction symptoms. However, it is not a permanent therapy and all symptoms may raise again after discontinuation of topical nasal steroid.
- A combination trial of topical nasal steroid spray and saline spray may be considered for effective control of symptoms in children.
- In cases of viral adenoiditis, treatment with analgesics or antipyretics is often sufficient.
References
- ↑ Havas T, Lowinger D (2002). "Obstructive adenoid tissue: an indication for powered-shaver adenoidectomy". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 128 (7): 789–91. PMID 12117336.
- ↑ Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Meta-analysis of cephalosporin versus penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children. Pediatrics 2004;113:866-882.
- ↑ Huang SW, Giannoni C (2001). "The risk of adenoid hypertrophy in children with allergic rhinitis". Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 87 (4): 350–5. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62251-X. PMID 11686429.
- ↑ Karlıdağ T, Bulut Y, Keleş E, Alpay HC, Seyrek A, Orhan İ, Karlıdağ GE, Kaygusuz İ (2012). "Presence of herpesviruses in adenoid tissues of children with adenoid hypertrophy and chronic adenoiditis". Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg. 22 (1): 32–7. PMID 22339566.
- ↑ Casey JR, Pichichero ME (2007). "The evidence base for cephalosporin superiority over penicillin in streptococcal pharyngitis". Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 57 (3 Suppl): 39S–45S. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.12.020. PMID 17292576.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kaplan EL, Chatwal GS, Rohde M. Reduced ability of penicillin to eradicate ingested Group A streptococci from epithelial cells: clinical and pathogenetic implications. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:1398-406.
- ↑ Brook I, Calhoun L, Yocum P (1980). "Beta-lactamase-producing isolates of Bacteroides species from children". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 18 (1): 164–6. PMC 283957. PMID 6968177.
- ↑ Brook I, Foote PA. Isolation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from the surface and core of tonsils in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006 ;70:2099-102.
- ↑ Rajeshwary A, Rai S, Somayaji G, Pai V (2013). "Bacteriology of symptomatic adenoids in children". N Am J Med Sci. 5 (2): 113–8. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.107529. PMC 3624711. PMID 23641372.