Acute pancreatitis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
Tarek Nafee (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Tarek Nafee (talk | contribs) |
||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
:* [[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]] | :* [[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome]] | ||
:* [[Diffuse intravascular coagulation|DIC]] | :* [[Diffuse intravascular coagulation|DIC]] | ||
:* Exacerbation of [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]] | |||
:* Exacerbation of [[Congestive heart failure|CHF]] | |||
:* Exacerbation of [[Hepatitis]] | |||
:* [[Hypocalcemia]] (from fat saponification) | :* [[Hypocalcemia]] (from fat saponification) | ||
:* [[Hyperglycemia]] | :* [[Hyperglycemia]] | ||
Revision as of 22:08, 25 November 2016
|
Acute pancreatitis Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Acute pancreatitis natural history, complications and prognosis On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Acute pancreatitis natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
FDA on Acute pancreatitis natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
CDC on Acute pancreatitis natural history, complications and prognosis |
|
Acute pancreatitis natural history, complications and prognosis in the news |
|
Blogs on Acute pancreatitis natural history, complications and prognosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Pancreatitis can be mild or severe, and the natural history will depend on the severity of the condition, and the timeliness of intervention. Acute pancreatitis can result in complications such as hemorrhagic pancreatitis, multisystem organ failure, infection, SIRS, ARDS, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, shock, hemmorrhage, thrombosis, common bile duct obstruction, and the development of chronic pancreatitis. Prognosis can be determined with the use of many criteria such as Ranson's criteria, the Glasgow score, the APACHE II score, and the BISAP score.[1]
Natural History
Acute pancreatitis can be further divided in mild and severe pancreatitis. Mostly the Atlanta classification (1992) is used. In severe pancreatitis serious amount of necrosis determine the further clinical outcome. About 20% of the acute pancreatitis are severe with a mortality of about 20%. This is an important classification as severe pancreatitis will need intensive care therapy whereas mild pancreatitis can be treated on the common ward.
There are several ways to help distinguish between these two forms. One is the above mentioned Ranson Score.
Determinants of the natural course of acute pancreatitis are
Early in the course of acute pancreatitis, multiple organ failure is the consequence of various inflammatory mediators that are released from the inflammatory process and from activated leukocytes attracted by pancreatic injury, the so-called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). SIRS is the cause of bacterial (Gram negative) translocation from the patients colon. Local and systemic septic complications, when they occur, typically do so at least a week after presentation.
Complications
Complications can be systemic or locoregional.
- Systemic complications include
- ARDS
- Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
- DIC
- Exacerbation of COPD
- Exacerbation of CHF
- Exacerbation of Hepatitis
- Hypocalcemia (from fat saponification)
- Hyperglycemia
- Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (from pancreatic insulin producing beta cell damage)
- Shock
- Locoregional complications include
- Pancreatic pseudocyst or walled off pancreatic necrosis
- Phlegmon / abscess formation,
- Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm
- Hemorrhage from erosions into splenic artery and vein
- Thrombosis of the splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein and portal veins (in descending order of frequency)
- Duodenal obstruction
- Common bile duct obstruction
- Progression to chronic pancreatitis
| Necrosis Present | Encapsulated with a wall | |
|---|---|---|
| No
(Usually within 4 weeks after acute pancreatitis) |
Yes
(Usually more than 4 weeks after acute pancreatitis) | |
| No
(usually extrapancreatic) |
Acute peripancreatic fluid collection | Pancreatic pseudocyst |
| Yes
(intrapancreatic and/or extrapancreatic) |
Acute necrotic collection | Walled off pancreatic necrosis |
| Note: Any of these may be sterile or infected. | ||
Prognosis
In predicting the prognosis, there are several scoring indices that have been used as predictors of survival. [1]Two such scoring systems are the Ranson and APACHE II (Acute Physiology, Age and Chronic Health Evaluation) indices. Most[3] [4], but not all [5] studies report that the Apache score may be more accurate. In the negative study of the Apache II [5], the Apache II 24 hr score was used rather than the 48 hour score. In addition, all patients in the study received at ultrasound twice which may have influenced allocation of co-interventions. Regardless, only the Apache II can be fully calculated upon admission. As the Apache II is more cumbersome to calculate, presumably patients whose only laboratory abnormality is an elevated lipase or amylase do not need prognostication with the Apache II; however, this approach is not studied. The Apache II score can be calculated at www.sfar.org.
Practice guidelines state:
- 2006: "The two tests that are most helpful at admission in distinguishing mild from severe acute pancreatitis are APACHE-II score and serum hematocrit. It is recommended that APACHE-II scores be generated during the first 3 days of hospitalization and thereafter as needed to help in this distinction. It is also recommended that serum hematocrit be obtained at admission, 12 h after admission, and 24 h after admission to help gauge adequacy of fluid resuscitation."[6]
- 2005: "Immediate assessment should include clinical evaluation, particularly of any cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal compromise, body mass index, chest x ray, and APACHE II score" [7]
Ranson
APACHE
"Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation" (APACHE II) score > 8 points predicts 11% to 18% mortality [6] Online calculator
- Hemorrhagic peritoneal fluid
- Obesity
- Indicators of organ failure
- Hypotension (SBP <90 mmHG) or tachycardia > 130 beat/min
- PO2 <60 mmHg
- Oliguria (<50 mL/h) or increasing BUN and creatinine
- Serum calcium < 1.90 mmol/L (<8.0 mg/dL) or serum albumin <33 g/L (<3.2.g/dL)>
The death rate is high with:
- Hemorrhagic pancreatitis
- Liver, heart, or kidney impairment
- Necrotizing pancreatitis
It is common for the condition to return.
Glasgow Criteria
The Glasgow criteria is valid for both gallstone and alcohol induced pancreatitis. If a patient scores 3 or more it indicates severe pancreatitis and the patient should be transferred to ITU.
- PaO2 <8kPa
- Age >55 years old
- Neutrophilia - WCC >15x10(9)/L
- Serum calcium <2mmol/L
- Renal function, Urea >16mmol/L
- LDH >600iu/L; AST >200iu/L
- Albumin <32g/L (serum)
- Blood glucose >10mmol/L
BISAP Score[8]
Bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP), has been proposed as an accurate method for early identification of patients at risk for in-hospital mortality. Criteria used in this score are as follows:
- Blood urea nitrogen - >25
- Impaired mental status
- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) - (>/= 2 criteria)
- Age - >60 yrs
- Pleural effusion on CT
Scoring system:
| BISAP Score | Observed Mortality |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0.1% |
| 1 | 0.4% |
| 2 | 1.6% |
| 3 | 3.6% |
| 4 | 7.4% |
| 5 | 9.5% |
The advantages of BISAP score over other scoring systems are:
- Accuracy
- Simple
- Easy to obtain
- Prognostic efficacy similar to other scoring systems
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dellinger EP, Forsmark CE, Layer P, Lévy P, Maraví-Poma E, Petrov MS; et al. (2012). "Determinant-based classification of acute pancreatitis severity: an international multidisciplinary consultation". Ann Surg. 256 (6): 875–80. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318256f778. PMID 22735715.
- ↑ Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Gooszen HG, Johnson CD, Sarr MG; et al. (2013). "Classification of acute pancreatitis--2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus". Gut. 62 (1): 102–11. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779. PMID 23100216.
- ↑ Larvin M, McMahon M (1989). "APACHE-II score for assessment and monitoring of acute pancreatitis". Lancet. 2 (8656): 201–5. PMID 2568529.
- ↑ Yeung Y, Lam B, Yip A (2006). [www.hbpdint.com/text.asp?id=837 "APACHE system is better than Ranson system in the prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis"] Check
|url=value (help). Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 5 (2): 294–9. PMID 16698595. - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Chatzicostas C, Roussomoustakaki M, Vlachonikolis I, Notas G, Mouzas I, Samonakis D, Kouroumalis E (2002). "Comparison of Ranson, APACHE II and APACHE III scoring systems in acute pancreatitis". Pancreas. 25 (4): 331–5. PMID 12409825 (comment=this study used a Apache cutoff of >=10).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Banks P, Freeman M (2006). "Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis". Am J Gastroenterol. 101 (10): 2379–400. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00856.x. PMID 17032204.
- ↑ Anonymous (2005). "UK Working Party on Acute Pancreatitis: UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis". Gut. 54 Suppl 3: iii1–9. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.057026 url=http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/54/suppl_3/iii1 Check
|doi=value (help). PMID 15831893. - ↑ Papachristou GI, Muddana V, Yadav D; et al. (2010). "Comparison of BISAP, Ranson's, APACHE-II, and CTSI scores in predicting organ failure, complications, and mortality in acute pancreatitis". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105 (2): 435–41, quiz 442. doi:10.1038/ajg.2009.622. PMID 19861954. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)