High HDL epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ;Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamed Moubarak, M.D. [2]
Overview
Epidemiological studies have revealed the fact that men have lower levels of HDL compared to women. Exercise, low dietary fat, and moderate alcohol consumption are associated with higher levels of HDL.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Exact data regarding the prevalence of high HDL serum level is not well documented. On the other hand, the inverse relationship between the HDL level and the risk of cardiovascular disease has been documented by the Framingham Heart Study; for a given level of LDL the risk of heart disease increases 10-fold as the HDL varies from high to low.[1]
In 1980, a large cross section study included 4756 white males and females ages 20-59 years, the aim of the study was to assess different factors relation to the HDL level in the studied population, which further divided according to age, sex, and gonadal hormone use. Higher levels of HDL have been recorded in women rather than in men, also with moderate alcohol consumption, and exercise.[2]
A more recent study that compare the demographic and behavioural correlates of HDL-cholesterol between Northern Italy and the US indicated that gender, age, body mass, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption are independently associated with HDL-cholesterol in both populations, while physical activity is positively associated with HDL mean levels. The study have found that education achievement is independently associated only in the American sample.[3]
References
- ↑ Rahilly-Tierney CR, Spiro A, Vokonas P, Gaziano JM (2011). "Relation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and survival to age 85 years in men (from the VA normative aging study)". Am J Cardiol. 107 (8): 1173–7. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.12.015. PMID 21296318.
- ↑ Heiss G, Johnson NJ, Reiland S, Davis CE, Tyroler HA (1980). "The epidemiology of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Summary". Circulation. 62 (4 Pt 2): IV116–36. PMID 7418140.
- ↑ Ferrario M, Cesana GC, Heiss G, Linn SA, Mocarelli P, Tyroler HA (1992). "Demographic and behavioural correlates of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. An international comparison between northern Italy and the United States". Int J Epidemiol. 21 (4): 665–75. PMID 1521969.