Coronary heart disease risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk factors
The following are confirmed independent risk factors for the development of CAD, in order of decreasing importance:
- Hypercholesterolemia (specifically, serum LDL concentrations)
- Smoking
- Hypertension (high systolic pressure seems to be most significant in this regard)
- Hyperglycemia (due to diabetes mellitus or otherwise)
- Type A Behavioural Patterns, TABP. Added in 1981 as an independant risk factor after a majority of research into the field discovered that TABP's were twice as likely to cause CHD than any other personality type.
- Hereditary differences in such diverse aspects as lipoprotein structure and that of their associated receptors, homocysteine processing/metabolism, etc.
Significant, but indirect risk factors include:
- Lack of exercise
- Stress
- Diet rich in saturated fats
- Diet low in antioxidants
- Obesity
- Men over 60; Women over 65 [2]
Complete List of Cardiac Risk Factors
In alphabetical order. [1] [2]
- ACE DD genotype
- Age
- Alcohol
- Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)
- Chronic Renal Failure
- Cigarette smoking
- Decreased apolipoprotein A1
- Decreased serum folate
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Family history of premature coronary artery disease
- HDL cholesterol > 130 mg/dl
- Hyperhomocysteinemia
- Hypertension
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Immunosuppressive posttransplant
- Increased apolipoprotein B
- Increased C-reactive protein
- Increased fibrinogen
- Infections
- Insulin resistance syndrome
- Lack of supportive primary relationship
- LDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dl
- Low birth weight
- Obesity
- Oral contraceptive use
- Sedentary living
- Syndrome X
- Type A personality