Rheumatic fever epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Lance Christiansen, D.O.; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. [3]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Rheumatic fever, and therefore Streptococus pyogenes infections, are endemic in all areas of the world. In countries affected by the industrial revolution, domestic living conditons became less crowded, due to the development of larger homes and families had fewer children. In addition, iving conditions became, generally, more hygienic. The introduction of antibiotics, first sulfonamide in the early 1930's and then penicillin in the 1940's, further caused Streptococcus pyogenes infections to become less common and less severe in economically developed countries although they never disappeared.
Developed Countries
The incidence and prevalence of rheumatic fever in countries like the USA and Canada were approximately 20-40/100,000 persons during the period 1970-1990 with rheumatic heard disease (RHD) occurring sporadically. Over past two decades, the prevalence of rheumatic fever has decreased to 5-20/100,000 persons in Canada and < 5/100,000 persons in the USA with no new cases of rheumatic heart disease[1]. However, the incidence and prevalence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease has increase to > 100/100,000 persons and 4-10/1,000 persons respectively.
Developing Countries
The rates of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases among developing nations have mixed trends. According to recent a recent worldwide report, the incidence rates of rheumatic fever has decreased in India, China and african countries mainly attributed to improved access to medical treatment. This has led to improved survival rates even among people with rheumatic heart disease and there by increase in prevalence rates have been observed[1]. Newer studies relying on echocardiography in the diagnosis of RHD have demonstrated that rates of subclinical carditis is up to 10 times higher than that diagnosed clinical examination[2][3][4][5]. India, Pakistan, Russia, Mediterranean and African countries have high prevalence rates of RHD. It is estimated that approximately there are 62-78 million RHD patients worldwide which could potentially result in 1.4 million deaths per year[6].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Seckeler MD, Hoke TR (2011). "The worldwide epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease". Clin Epidemiol. 3: 67–84. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S12977. PMC 3046187. PMID 21386976.
- ↑ Marijon E, Ou P, Celermajer DS, Ferreira B, Mocumbi AO, Jani D; et al. (2007). "Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic screening". N Engl J Med. 357 (5): 470–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065085. PMID 17671255.
- ↑ Bhaya M, Panwar S, Beniwal R, Panwar RB (2010). "High prevalence of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiography in school children". Echocardiography. 27 (4): 448–53. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8175.2009.01055.x. PMID 20345448.
- ↑ Sadiq M, Islam K, Abid R, Latif F, Rehman AU, Waheed A; et al. (2009). "Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in school children of urban Lahore". Heart. 95 (5): 353–7. doi:10.1136/hrt.2008.143982. PMID 18952636.
- ↑ Carapetis JR, Hardy M, Fakakovikaetau T, Taib R, Wilkinson L, Penny DJ; et al. (2008). "Evaluation of a screening protocol using auscultation and portable echocardiography to detect asymptomatic rheumatic heart disease in Tongan schoolchildren". Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 5 (7): 411–7. doi:10.1038/ncpcardio1185. PMID 18398402.
- ↑ Paar JA, Berrios NM, Rose JD, Cáceres M, Peña R, Pérez W; et al. (2010). "Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in children and young adults in Nicaragua". Am J Cardiol. 105 (12): 1809–14. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.01.364. PMC 2895982. PMID 20538135.