Atrial septal defect classification

Atrial Septal Defect Microchapters
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Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [[2]]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [[4]]

Overview

The normal septal development requires a proper alignment and fusion of the two interatrial septums i.e. septum primum and septum secundum. Failure to do so may lead to a patent fossa ovalis and the development of atrial septal defects. The atrial septal defects are classified into various types based on their location and the nature of the embryological defect. The various types of atrial septal defects that can occur are : ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, common or single atrium and coronary sinus defects. Patent foramen ovale also involves a communication between the two atrium. However, it is not classified under atrial septal defect as no septal tissue is missing in this case.

Atrial septal defect classifications

The atrial septal defects are classified into various types based on their location and the nature of the embryological defect.

• Isolated ASDs – It occurs due to abnormal development of the septa between right and left atrium of the heart and normally not associated with other cardiac defects.
  • Secundum ASD - ASDs at the fossa ovalis.
  • Superior sinus venosus type ASD (Superior vena caval defect) – Defect superior to fossa ovalis
  • Inferior sinus venosus type ASD (Inferior vena caval defect) - Defect inferior to the fossa ovalis
  • Coronary sinus defects.

• Primum ASDs /Atrioventricular canal defects – It occurs due to mal-development of the partitioning of the AV canal by the endocardial cushions. Mostly it is associated with some other malformations like ventricular septal defects. The various types of A-V canal defects that can occur are- complete, incomplete and common atrium

• In Patent foramen ovale (PFO) a communication exists between the right and left atria. Nevertheless, it’s not considered an atrial septal defect as no septal tissue is missing.