Coronavirus historical perspective
|
Coronavirus Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Coronavirus historical perspective On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Coronavirus historical perspective |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Coronavirus historical perspective |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2], Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [3]
Overview
Coronaviruses were first isolated from chickens in 1937. In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe used cultures of human ciliated embryonal trachea to propagate the first human coronavirus (HCoV) in vitro. There are now approximately 15 species in this family, which infect not only man but cattle, pigs, rodents, cats, dogs and birds (some are serious veterinary pathogens, especially chickens).
Historical Perspective
- Coronaviruses were first isolated from chickens in 1937.
- In 1965, Tyrrell and Bynoe used cultures of human ciliated embryonal trachea to propagate the first human coronavirus (HCoV) in vitro.
- There are now approximately 15 species in this family, which infect not only man but cattle, pigs, rodents, cats, dogs and birds (some are serious veterinary pathogens, especially chickens).[1]
- The virus gained international popularity after the deadly SARS epidemic caused by SARS-CoV in 2002 - 2003.
- Prior to the SARS epidemic, two coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E) were recognized to be responsible for causing upper respiratory tract infections with more severe outcomes in the elderly and the immunocompromised.[2]
- SARS-CoV however, not only caused severe respiratory illness with a mortality rate of 10% during the 2002 - 2003 epidemic but it also caused systemic disease affecting other organs and tissues.[3][4]
- The recognition of SARS led the search for other pathogenic coronaviruses, which culminated in the discovery of HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1.
- HCoV-NL63 was isolated from hospitalized young children and HCoV-HKU1 was isolated from hospitalized elderly with comorbidities.[5][6][7]
- HCoV-NL63, infecting humans for centuries, has been shown that it diverged from HCoV-229E approximately 1000 years ago.
References
- ↑ Garbino J, Crespo S, Aubert JD, Rochat T, Ninet B, Deffernez C, Wunderli W, Pache JC, Soccal PM, Kaiser L (October 2006). "A prospective hospital-based study of the clinical impact of non-severe acute respiratory syndrome (Non-SARS)-related human coronavirus infection". Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (8): 1009–15. doi:10.1086/507898. PMID 16983613.
- ↑ Peiris JS, Guan Y, Yuen KY (December 2004). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome". Nat. Med. 10 (12 Suppl): S88–97. doi:10.1038/nm1143. PMID 15577937.
- ↑ Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, Zheng J, Gao Z, Zhong Y, Zou W, Zhan J, Wang S, Xie Z, Zhuang H, Wu B, Zhong H, Shao H, Fang W, Gao D, Pei F, Li X, He Z, Xu D, Shi X, Anderson VM, Leong AS (August 2005). "Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS". J. Exp. Med. 202 (3): 415–24. doi:10.1084/jem.20050828. PMC 2213088. PMID 16043521.
- ↑ Fouchier RA, Hartwig NG, Bestebroer TM, Niemeyer B, de Jong JC, Simon JH, Osterhaus AD (April 2004). "A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (16): 6212–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400762101. PMC 395948. PMID 15073334.
- ↑ van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink MF, Vermeulen-Oost W, Berkhout RJ, Wolthers KC, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, Kaandorp J, Spaargaren J, Berkhout B (April 2004). "Identification of a new human coronavirus". Nat. Med. 10 (4): 368–73. doi:10.1038/nm1024. PMID 15034574.
- ↑ Woo PC, Lau SK, Chu CM, Chan KH, Tsoi HW, Huang Y, Wong BH, Poon RW, Cai JJ, Luk WK, Poon LL, Wong SS, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Yuen KY (January 2005). "Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia". J. Virol. 79 (2): 884–95. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005. PMC 538593. PMID 15613317.