Spina bifida physical examination
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
Physical Examination
- Spinal area discoloration or birthmarks may be the only sign in the newborns with spina bifida occulta
- Protrusions in the lumbar spine
- Dimples in the lumbar spine
- Hair patch along the spine
- Hydrocephalus signs may be present:
- Enlarging head
- Bulging fontanelle
- Enlarged scalp veins
- Cranial bones suture diastasis
- Positive Macewen sign
- Paralysis
- Sensation problems
- Scoliosis
- Pressure ulcers
- Learning disabilities
- Hydrocephalus signs may be present:
Vital Signs
- Most patients with spina bifida have normal vital signs.
Skin
- Skin examination of patients with spina bifida is usually remarkable for:[1][2]
- Spinal area discoloration or birthmarks may be the only sign in the newborns with spina bifida occulta
- Protrusions in the lumbar spine
- Dimples in the lumbar spine
- Hair patch along the spine
HEENT
- Enlarging head
- Bulging fontanelle
- Enlarged scalp veins
- Cranial bones suture diastasis
- Positive Macewen sign
Lungs
- Pulmonary examination of patients with spina bifida is usually normal.
Heart
- Cardiovascular examination of patients with spina bifida is usually normal but congenital anomalies of the spine have been associated with malformations of the cardiovascular systems.
Abdomen
- Abdominal examination of patients with spina bifida is usually normal.
Genitourinary
- Congenital anomalies of the spine may be associated with malformations of the genitourinary system,.
Neuromuscular
Neuromuscular examination of patients with spina bifida may be remarkable for:[3][4][5][6][7]
- Paralysis
- Sensation problems
- Scoliosis
- Pressure ulcers
- Learning disabilities
- Clonus
- Hyperreflexia or hyporeflexia
- Positive (abnormal) Babinski unilaterally
- Muscle rigidity
- Muscle weakness unilaterally or bilaterally
- Abnormal gait
- Dysmetria
Extremities
- Extremities examination of patients with [disease name] is usually normal.
OR
- Clubbing
- Cyanosis
- Pitting/non-pitting edema of the upper/lower extremities
- Muscle atrophy
- Fasciculations in the upper/lower extremity
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bannur BB, Purandare GM (February 1969). "Microbial production of L-lysine". Hindustan Antibiot Bull. 11 (3): 191–205. PMID 4898641.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kenworthy ME (July 1966). "Introducing the American Orthopsychiatric Association's president for 1966-67: Norman V. Lourie". Am J Orthopsychiatry. 36 (4): 587–9. PMID 5327787.
- ↑ Berman P (September 1988). "Austin Flint--America's Laennec revisited". Arch. Intern. Med. 148 (9): 2053–6. PMID 3046545.
- ↑ Goya RG, Lu JK, Meites J (October 1990). "Gonadal function in aging rats and its relation to pituitary and mammary pathology". Mech. Ageing Dev. 56 (1): 77–88. PMID 2259256.
- ↑ Weiden PL, Schuffler MD (April 1974). "Herpes esophagitis complicating Hodgkin's disease". Cancer. 33 (4): 1100–2. PMID 4362105.
- ↑ Thier SO (October 1988). "Commentary by the current president of the Institute of Medicine". JAMA. 260 (14): 2104. PMID 3047453.
- ↑ Vermaes IP, Janssens JM, Bosman AM, Gerris JR (August 2005). "Parents' psychological adjustment in families of children with spina bifida: a meta-analysis". BMC Pediatr. 5: 32. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-5-32. PMC 1215488. PMID 16120229.