Fibromuscular dysplasia pathophysiology
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Management of Patients With Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Extracranial Carotid Arteries |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohsen Basiri M.D.
Overview
Pathophysiology
In Fibromuscular dysplasia, the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle of one or more small or medium-sized arteries undergo dysplasia and cause stenosis. this abnormal cellular development is characterized by fibrous thickening of the intima, media, or adventitia of the involved arteries; which ultimately lead to arterial narrowing.
Pathogenesis
- Despite numerous genetic, hormonal and mechanical factors have been proposed, the etiology fibromuscular dysplasia remains unknown. A variety Of factors have been implicated. These include:
1)Cigarette smoking and a history of hypertension
. Sang CN, Whelton PK, Hamper UM, et al. Etiologic factors in renovascular fibromuscular dysplasia: a case-control study. Hypertension 1989;14:472-9.
2)Genetic factors with a reported autosomal mode of inheritance in some families . Perdu J, Boutouyrie P, Bourgain C, et al. Inheritance of arterial lesions in renal fibromuscular dysplasia. J Hum Hypertens 2007; 21:393. . Ganesh SK, Morissette R, Xu Z, et al. Clinical and biochemical profiles suggest fibromuscular dysplasia is a systemic disease with altered TGF-β expression and connective tissue features. FASEB J 2014; 28:3313.
3) Hormonal influence, given the predominance in women of childbearing age No association has been found between fibromuscular dysplasia and previous
use of oral contraceptives or abnormalities of endogenous sex hormones.21 21. Sang CN, Whelton PK, Hamper UM, et al. Etiologic factors in renovascular fibromuscular dysplasia: a case-control study. Hypertension 1989;14:472-9. The increased incidence of FMD in women as compared with men suggests a possible hormonal or genetic influence. Some authors have proposed the sex difference to be related to immune system functioning, but overt inflammation, as is observed in most classic autoimmune diseases, is histologically lacking.
4) Mechanical factors such as stretching of smooth muscle cells and trauma to
the blood vessel wall
5) Ischemia of the blood vessel wall due to fibrotic occlusion of the vasa
Vasorum
Genetics
- [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
- Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
- The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.
Associated Conditions
Gross Pathology
- On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Microscopic Pathology
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].