Osteoarthritis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk Factors
Osteoarthritis is a multifactorial disease and the interactions between systemic and local factors play important role in development and prognosis of OA.
Systemic risk factors for Osteoarthritis
Gender
Previous studies reported that the frequency of osteoarthritis in women and men are 68% and 58% respectively. And it has been reported that women have a greater levels of pain and disability
Age
Age plays an important roll in development of osteoarthritis. Higher age leads to decreasing in the tensile property of cartilage in articular cartilage in accumulation of glycation consequently it can cause mechanical failure
Genetics hormones
Its been showed that genetic factors play important roles in developing of osteoarthritis. genetic factors are responsible for osteoarthritis in nearly 70%of cases. For example, osteocalcin, as a marker of bone turnover, decreases in women after their menopause which consequently women after menopause are more susceptible to knee arthritis.
Diet
Rapid changes in diet and lifestyle by consumption of unrefined
carbohydrates and Junk foods increased the rate of
chronic diseases.21
Furthermore, chondrocytes are powerful sources of reactive
oxygen species, which may damage cartilage collagen and
synovial fluid hyaluronate, since micronutrient antioxidants
provide defense against tissue injury, high dietary intake of
these micronutrients could be helpful to protect against
osteoarthritis.20
Local risk factors for Osteoarthritis
5. Local risk factors
5.1. Joint injury and trauma
Articular cartilage tolerates loading from daily physical activities,
in joints injuries and trauma the cartilage loses its
flexibility, kills the cells and decrease the loading of the subchondral
bone.22
5.2. Obesity
People with an elevated body mass index (BMI) as a measure
of relative weight for obesity, has a positive association between
obesity and knee OA results in substantial overloading
and damage to the knee joint.23
5.3. Occupation
The lifting of heavy loads was found mainly in farmers, fishermen,
construction site workers, and general laborers.
Walking up stairs was experienced mainly by general laborers;
all of these stress activities causes the strong association between
knee injury and osteoarthritis.24
5.4. Physical activity/Sports
In china women practicing gymnastic or kung fu (traditional
Chinese martial arts) regularly were at the risk of Knee
injury.25 Schematic diagram of risk factors in osteoarthritis is
shown in Fig. 1.
- Aging
- Obesity
- Trauma or surgery of joint
- Diabetes
- Other types of arthritis, such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis
- Congenital abnormalities