Hypoparathyroidism causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Charmaine Patel, M.D. [2] Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Hypoparathyroidism is commonly caused by autoimmune endocrine dysfunction, iron and magnesium deficiency in the blood, and surgical removal or alteration of the thyroid gland. Metastatic causes of hypoparathyroidism, including pituitary gland carcinoma, are life threatening and require prompt diagnosis and treatment to reduce morbitiy.

Causes

Hypoparathyroidism can have a number of divergent causes:

• Removal of the parathyroid glands in thyroid surgery (thyroidectomy) is a recognised cause. It is now uncommon, as surgeons generally spare them during the procedure after identifying them.
• Autoimmune invasion and destruction is the most common non-surgical cause. It can occur as part of autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes.
• Hemochromatosis can lead to iron accumulation and consequent dysfunction of a number of endocrine organs, including the parathyroids.
• Absence or dysfunction of the parathyroid glands is one of the components of chromosome 22q11 microdeletion syndrome (other names: DiGeorge syndrome, Schprintzen syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome).
• Magnesium deficiency
• Some very rare diseases
• Idiopathic (of unknown cause), occasionally familial

Life Threatening Causes

• Carcinoma
• Pituitary metastasis

Common Causes

• Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
• Thyroidectomy
• Polyendocrine deficiency syndrome
• Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome 
• Hemochromatosis
• Magnesium deficiency
• Velocardiofacial syndrome

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	Bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis syndrome
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Abnormal parathyroid gland development, Abnormal pth synthesis, Addison's disease, Adenylyl cyclase dysfunction , Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome , Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia , Calcium-sensing receptor activation, Congenital lack of parathyroid glands, Fahr disease, Hungry bone syndrome , Parathyroid inflammation, Parathyroid surgery, Pituitary iron overload , Pituitary metastasis, Polyendocrine deficiency syndrome , Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome , Primary adrenal insufficiency, Radical neck dissection, Thyroid surgery , Thyroidectomy
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	22q11.2 deletion syndrome , Alport syndrome , Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia , Bangstad syndrome , Barakat syndrome , Bird-headed dwarfism , Chromosome 10, monosomy 10p, Chromosome 10p deletion syndrome, Chromosome 22q deletion syndrome , Chromosome 22q deletion , Congenital lack of parathyroid glands, Dahlberg syndrome , Deletion 10pter , Digeorge syndrome, Fahr disease, Genetic disorders, Kenny-caffey-linarelli syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome
Hematologic	Calcium-sensing receptor activation, Hemochromatosis , Hemosiderosis, Hypomagnesemia, Magnesium deficiency, Pituitary iron overload
Iatrogenic	Hungry bone syndrome , Idiopathic , Parathyroid surgery, Parathyroidectomy, Radiation, Radical neck dissection, Radioactive iodine treatment, Thyroid surgery , Thyroidectomy
Infectious Disease	Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Hiv , Parathyroid inflammation
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Ataxia , Bird-headed dwarfism
Neurologic	Ataxia , Bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Carcinoma, Pituitary metastasis
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome , Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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