Coccidioidomycosis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [2] Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [3]
Overview
California state prisons have been particularly affected by Coccidioidomycosis, as far back as 1919. In 2005 and 2006, the Pleasant Valley State Prison near Coalinga and Avenal State Prison near Avenal on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley had the highest incidence rate in 2005, of at least 3,000 per 100,000 [4]. It is endemic in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and northwestern Mexico.[1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Epidemiology and Demographics of Coccidioidomycosis include:
Incidence
- The annual incidence of coccidioidomycosis in United states is variable but overall is increasing, from a rate of 5.3 per 100,000 in 1998 to a rate of 42.6 in 2011.
- Arizona has the highest incidence of Coccidioidiomycosis of any state, with a yearly rate of approximately 248 cases per 100,000 population in 2011.
- 95% of all Coccidioidomycosis cases in USA occur in Arizona and California, with 70 % being in Arizona and rest from California.
- As per CDC [4] in 2010 there were over 16,000 reported cases of coccidioidomycosis most of which were localised to Arizona and California.
Case fatality rate
- The case fatality rate of coccidioidomycosis is approximately 0.59 per million person if left untreated.
Demographics
Age
- Coccidioidomycosis affects all age groups.
- The higher incidence rates have been documented among adults >65 years .
Gender
- Men are more commonly affected with coccidioidomycosis than women.
Race
- Racial predilection for Filipino or African American patients has been report have higher rates for infection and dissemination of disease, ranging from 10 to 175 times higher than other ethnicities.
Geographic distribution
- Coccidioidomycosis is found only in the Western hemisphere. It is endemic in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and northwestern Mexico.
- It has been made a mandatory reportable disease in 15 US states, which includes Arizona, California, Delaware, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Ohio, Rhode Island, Utah, and Wyoming
References
- ↑ Hector R, Laniado-Laborin R (2005). "Coccidioidomycosis--a fungal disease of the Americas". PLoS Med. 2 (1): e2. PMID 15696207.