Blastomycosis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: ; Vidit Bhargava, M.B.B.S [2] Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [3]
Overview
The incidence of blastomycosis have been increasing in since 2004. In Illinois, blastomycosis is a reportable disease, 94 cases were reported to the Illinois Department of Public Health in 2004. Between 1993 and 2003, a total of 500 cases are reported, with the majority of cases coming from the northeastern part of the state. Most of the cases reported in Wisconsin, Manitoba (Canada), and Ontario were noted between January and April, demonstrating a relationship between cold weather and infection. 309 cases were reported between 1994 and 2003, with the majority being recognized from 2001 to 2003. Blastomycosis was found to be reported more frequently in Missouri, particularly in southeastern Mississippi County, where the incidence was 12 cases/100,000 people from 1992 to 1999.
Epidemiology
Incidence
- In states where blastomycosis is reportable, yearly incidence rates are approximately 1 to 2 cases per 100,000 population.
- Wisconsin may have the highest incidence of blastomycosis of any state, with yearly rates ranging from 10 to 40 cases per 100,000 persons.[1]
Case fatality rate
- During 1990-2010, the case fatality rate of blastomycosis is 0.21 per 1 million person.[2]
Demographics
Age
The prevalence of blastomycosis is not effected by age. All the individuals who are exposed to the fungi can develop the disease.
Gender
- Men and women are affected equally by blastomycosis.
Race
- There is no racial predilection to blastomycosis
Geographical Distribution
- In the United States, blastomycosis is endemic in southern and southeastern states that border the Ohio River and Mississippi River valleys, as well as in Midwestern states and Canadian provinces that border the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Riverway.
- Historically, most reported cases occurred in Arkansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, Louisiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.[3]
- Areas in which the disease is hyperendemic exist in north-central Wisconsin and the northern region of Ontario, Canada. [3]
- Blastomycosis is distributed internationally; cases are sometimes reported from Africa, India, Middle east, Mexco, Central and South America.[4]
Gallery
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![Map of eastern United States and Canada showing distribution of reported cases of blastomycosis. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [5]](/images/4/43/Blastomycosis36.jpeg)
Map of eastern United States and Canada showing distribution of reported cases of blastomycosis. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [5]
![Map of eastern United States and Canada showing distribution of reported cases of blastomycosis. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [5]](/index.php/File:Blastomycosis36.jpeg)
References
- ↑ Baumgardner DJ, Buggy BP, Mattson BJ, Burdick JS, Ludwig D (1992). "Epidemiology of blastomycosis in a region of high endemicity in north central Wisconsin". Clin. Infect. Dis. 15 (4): 629–35. PMID 1420675.
- ↑ Khuu D, Shafir S, Bristow B, Sorvillo F (2014). "Blastomycosis mortality rates, United States, 1990-2010". Emerging Infect. Dis. 20 (11): 1789–94. doi:10.3201/eid2011.131175. PMC 4214285. PMID 25339251.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Blastomycosis--Wisconsin, 1986-1995". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 45 (28): 601–3. 1996. PMID 8676851.
- ↑ Alvarez G, Burns B, Desjardins M, Salahudeen S, AlRashidi F, Cameron D (2006). "Blastomycosis in a young African man presenting with a pleural effusion". Can Respir J. 13 (8): 441–4. PMID 17149463.
- ↑ "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".