Atrial septal defect classification: Difference between revisions
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** Coronary sinus defects (less than '''1%''' ) | ** Coronary sinus defects (less than '''1%''' ) | ||
* '''ASD associated with other malformations''' | * '''ASD associated with other malformations''' - In 30% of cases [[atrial septal defect]]s are associated with other defects. | ||
** [[Ostium primum ASD]]s /[[Atrioventricular canal]] defects – It occurs due to mal-development of the partitioning of the AV canal by the endocardial cushions ('''15% to 20%''') and is located inferiorly near the crux of heart. Mostly it is associated with some other malformations like | ** [[Ostium primum ASD]]s /[[Atrioventricular canal]] defects – It occurs due to mal-development of the partitioning of the AV canal by the endocardial cushions ('''15% to 20%''') and is located inferiorly near the crux of heart. Mostly it is associated with some other malformations like cleft in the anterior mitral valve leaflet. The various types of A-V canal defects that can occur are- complete, incomplete and common atrium | ||
* The [[ostium primum ASD]] or [[ostium secundum ASD]] are aneurysmal in some patients and may have '''multiple small fenestrations'''. | * The [[ostium primum ASD]] or [[ostium secundum ASD]] are aneurysmal in some patients and may have '''multiple small fenestrations'''. |
Revision as of 17:21, 28 August 2011
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [[2]]; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. [[4]]
Overview
The normal septal development requires a proper alignment and fusion of the two interatrial septums i.e. septum primum and septum secundum. Failure to do so may lead to a patent fossa ovalis and the development of atrial septal defects. The atrial septal defects are classified into various types based on their location and the nature of the embryological defect. The various types of atrial septal defects that can occur are : ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, common or single atrium and coronary sinus defects. Patent foramen ovale also involves a communication between the two atrium. However, it is not classified under atrial septal defect as no septal tissue is missing in this case.
Atrial septal defect classifications
The atrial septal defects are classified into various types based on their location and the nature of the embryological defect[1].
- Isolated ASDs – It occurs due to abnormal development of the septa between right and left atrium of the heart and normally not associated with other cardiac defects.
- Ostium secundum ASD - ASDs at the fossa ovalis (75% of all atrial septal defects).
- Sinus venosus ASD - They can be of two types depending on their location in comparison to the fossa ovalis. They form 5-10% of all the atrial septal defects. In superior sinus venosus type ASD (Superior vena caval defect) the defect is superior to fossa ovalis whereas in inferior sinus venosus type ASD (inferior vena caval defect) the defect is inferior to the fossa ovalis.
- Coronary sinus defects (less than 1% )
- ASD associated with other malformations - In 30% of cases atrial septal defects are associated with other defects.
- Ostium primum ASDs /Atrioventricular canal defects – It occurs due to mal-development of the partitioning of the AV canal by the endocardial cushions (15% to 20%) and is located inferiorly near the crux of heart. Mostly it is associated with some other malformations like cleft in the anterior mitral valve leaflet. The various types of A-V canal defects that can occur are- complete, incomplete and common atrium
- The ostium primum ASD or ostium secundum ASD are aneurysmal in some patients and may have multiple small fenestrations.
- In Patent foramen ovale (PFO) a flap like communication exists between the right and left atria. Nevertheless, it’s not considered an atrial septal defect as no septal tissue is missing.