Oligodendroglioma pathophysiology: Difference between revisions

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*Development of oligodendroglioma is the result of multiple [[mutation|genetic mutations]].
*Development of oligodendroglioma is the result of multiple [[mutation|genetic mutations]].
*Genes associated with the pathogenesis of oligodendroglioma include:<ref name="transloc">Molecular genetics of oligodendroglioma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma</ref><ref name="pmid21817013">{{cite journal| author=Bettegowda C, Agrawal N, Jiao Y, Sausen M, Wood LD, Hruban RH et al.| title=Mutations in CIC and FUBP1 contribute to human oligodendroglioma. | journal=Science | year= 2011 | volume= 333 | issue= 6048 | pages= 1453-5 | pmid=21817013 | doi=10.1126/science.1210557 | pmc=PMC3170506 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21817013  }} </ref><ref name="prog">Prognosis and treatment of oligodendroglioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma</ref><ref name="pmid22072542">{{cite journal| author=Yip S, Butterfield YS, Morozova O, Chittaranjan S, Blough MD, An J et al.| title=Concurrent CIC mutations, IDH mutations, and 1p/19q loss distinguish oligodendrogliomas from other cancers. | journal=J Pathol | year= 2012 | volume= 226 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-16 | pmid=22072542 | doi=10.1002/path.2995 | pmc=PMC3246739 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22072542  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26068201">{{cite journal| author=Labreche K, Simeonova I, Kamoun A, Gleize V, Chubb D, Letouzé E et al.| title=TCF12 is mutated in anaplastic oligodendroglioma. | journal=Nat Commun | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 7207 | pmid=26068201 | doi=10.1038/ncomms8207 | pmc=PMC4490400 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26068201  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21937591">{{cite journal| author=Suri V, Jha P, Agarwal S, Pathak P, Sharma MC, Sharma V et al.| title=Molecular profile of oligodendrogliomas in young patients. | journal=Neuro Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 1099-106 | pmid=21937591 | doi=10.1093/neuonc/nor146 | pmc=PMC3177666 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21937591  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9038605">{{cite journal| author=Hagel C, Laking G, Laas R, Scheil S, Jung R, Milde-Langosch K et al.| title=Demonstration of p53 protein and TP53 gene mutations in oligodendrogliomas. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1996 | volume= 32A | issue= 13 | pages= 2242-8 | pmid=9038605 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9038605  }} </ref><ref name="von DeimlingHartmann2005">{{cite journal|last1=von Deimling|first1=A|last2=Hartmann|first2=C|title=Oligodendrogliomas: Impact of molecular genetics on treatment|journal=Neurology India|volume=53|issue=2|year=2005|pages=140|issn=0028-3886|doi=10.4103/0028-3886.16394}}</ref><ref name="pmid26061751">{{cite journal| author=Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Brat DJ, Verhaak RG, Aldape KD, Yung WK, Salama SR et al.| title=Comprehensive, Integrative Genomic Analysis of Diffuse Lower-Grade Gliomas. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 26 | pages= 2481-98 | pmid=26061751 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1402121 | pmc=4530011 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26061751  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26061753">{{cite journal| author=Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H et al.| title=Glioma Groups Based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT Promoter Mutations in Tumors. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 26 | pages= 2499-508 | pmid=26061753 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1407279 | pmc=4489704 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26061753  }} </ref>
*Genes associated with the pathogenesis of oligodendroglioma include:<ref name="transloc">Molecular genetics of oligodendroglioma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma</ref><ref name="pmid21817013">{{cite journal| author=Bettegowda C, Agrawal N, Jiao Y, Sausen M, Wood LD, Hruban RH et al.| title=Mutations in CIC and FUBP1 contribute to human oligodendroglioma. | journal=Science | year= 2011 | volume= 333 | issue= 6048 | pages= 1453-5 | pmid=21817013 | doi=10.1126/science.1210557 | pmc=PMC3170506 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21817013  }} </ref><ref name="prog">Prognosis and treatment of oligodendroglioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma</ref><ref name="pmid22072542">{{cite journal| author=Yip S, Butterfield YS, Morozova O, Chittaranjan S, Blough MD, An J et al.| title=Concurrent CIC mutations, IDH mutations, and 1p/19q loss distinguish oligodendrogliomas from other cancers. | journal=J Pathol | year= 2012 | volume= 226 | issue= 1 | pages= 7-16 | pmid=22072542 | doi=10.1002/path.2995 | pmc=PMC3246739 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22072542  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26068201">{{cite journal| author=Labreche K, Simeonova I, Kamoun A, Gleize V, Chubb D, Letouzé E et al.| title=TCF12 is mutated in anaplastic oligodendroglioma. | journal=Nat Commun | year= 2015 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 7207 | pmid=26068201 | doi=10.1038/ncomms8207 | pmc=PMC4490400 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26068201  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21937591">{{cite journal| author=Suri V, Jha P, Agarwal S, Pathak P, Sharma MC, Sharma V et al.| title=Molecular profile of oligodendrogliomas in young patients. | journal=Neuro Oncol | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 1099-106 | pmid=21937591 | doi=10.1093/neuonc/nor146 | pmc=PMC3177666 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21937591  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9038605">{{cite journal| author=Hagel C, Laking G, Laas R, Scheil S, Jung R, Milde-Langosch K et al.| title=Demonstration of p53 protein and TP53 gene mutations in oligodendrogliomas. | journal=Eur J Cancer | year= 1996 | volume= 32A | issue= 13 | pages= 2242-8 | pmid=9038605 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9038605  }} </ref><ref name="von DeimlingHartmann2005">{{cite journal|last1=von Deimling|first1=A|last2=Hartmann|first2=C|title=Oligodendrogliomas: Impact of molecular genetics on treatment|journal=Neurology India|volume=53|issue=2|year=2005|pages=140|issn=0028-3886|doi=10.4103/0028-3886.16394}}</ref><ref name="pmid26061751">{{cite journal| author=Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Brat DJ, Verhaak RG, Aldape KD, Yung WK, Salama SR et al.| title=Comprehensive, Integrative Genomic Analysis of Diffuse Lower-Grade Gliomas. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 26 | pages= 2481-98 | pmid=26061751 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1402121 | pmc=4530011 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26061751  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26061753">{{cite journal| author=Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H et al.| title=Glioma Groups Based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT Promoter Mutations in Tumors. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 372 | issue= 26 | pages= 2499-508 | pmid=26061753 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1407279 | pmc=4489704 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26061753  }} </ref>
:*[[translocation|t(1;19)(q10;p10)]] (co-deletion of chromosomal arms [[chromosome 1|1p]] and [[chromosome 19|19q]]; most common)<ref name="pmid16088966">{{cite journal| author=McDonald JM, See SJ, Tremont IW, Colman H, Gilbert MR, Groves M et al.| title=The prognostic impact of histology and 1p/19q status in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors. | journal=Cancer | year= 2005 | volume= 104 | issue= 7 | pages= 1468-77 | pmid=16088966 | doi=10.1002/cncr.21338 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16088966  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15709179">{{cite journal| author=Barbashina V, Salazar P, Holland EC, Rosenblum MK, Ladanyi M| title=Allelic losses at 1p36 and 19q13 in gliomas: correlation with histologic classification, definition of a 150-kb minimal deleted region on 1p36, and evaluation of CAMTA1 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2005 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 1119-28 | pmid=15709179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15709179  }} </ref>
:*[[translocation|t(1;19)(q10;p10)]] (co-deletion of chromosomal arms [[chromosome 1|1p]]36 and [[chromosome 19|19q]]13; most common)<ref name="pmid16088966">{{cite journal| author=McDonald JM, See SJ, Tremont IW, Colman H, Gilbert MR, Groves M et al.| title=The prognostic impact of histology and 1p/19q status in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors. | journal=Cancer | year= 2005 | volume= 104 | issue= 7 | pages= 1468-77 | pmid=16088966 | doi=10.1002/cncr.21338 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16088966  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15709179">{{cite journal| author=Barbashina V, Salazar P, Holland EC, Rosenblum MK, Ladanyi M| title=Allelic losses at 1p36 and 19q13 in gliomas: correlation with histologic classification, definition of a 150-kb minimal deleted region on 1p36, and evaluation of CAMTA1 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2005 | volume= 11 | issue= 3 | pages= 1119-28 | pmid=15709179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15709179  }} </ref>
:*ATRX  
:*ATRX  
:*''[[Isocitrate dehydrogenase|IDH1]]''<ref name="pmid27780605">{{cite journal| author=Chen N, Yu T, Gong J, Nie L, Chen X, Zhang M et al.| title=IDH1/2 gene hotspot mutations in central nervous system tumours: analysis of 922 Chinese patients. | journal=Pathology | year= 2016 | volume= 48 | issue= 7 | pages= 675-683 | pmid=27780605 | doi=10.1016/j.pathol.2016.07.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27780605  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22113362">{{cite journal| author=Zhou YX, Wang JX, Feng M, Sun CM, Sun T, Chen GL et al.| title=Analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation in 97 patients with glioma. | journal=J Mol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 47 | issue= 3 | pages= 442-7 | pmid=22113362 | doi=10.1007/s12031-011-9681-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22113362  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19903171">{{cite journal| author=Capper D, Weissert S, Balss J, Habel A, Meyer J, Jäger D et al.| title=Characterization of R132H mutation-specific IDH1 antibody binding in brain tumors. | journal=Brain Pathol | year= 2010 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 245-54 | pmid=19903171 | doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00352.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19903171  }} </ref>
:*''[[Isocitrate dehydrogenase|IDH1]]''<ref name="pmid27780605">{{cite journal| author=Chen N, Yu T, Gong J, Nie L, Chen X, Zhang M et al.| title=IDH1/2 gene hotspot mutations in central nervous system tumours: analysis of 922 Chinese patients. | journal=Pathology | year= 2016 | volume= 48 | issue= 7 | pages= 675-683 | pmid=27780605 | doi=10.1016/j.pathol.2016.07.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27780605  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22113362">{{cite journal| author=Zhou YX, Wang JX, Feng M, Sun CM, Sun T, Chen GL et al.| title=Analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation in 97 patients with glioma. | journal=J Mol Neurosci | year= 2012 | volume= 47 | issue= 3 | pages= 442-7 | pmid=22113362 | doi=10.1007/s12031-011-9681-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22113362  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19903171">{{cite journal| author=Capper D, Weissert S, Balss J, Habel A, Meyer J, Jäger D et al.| title=Characterization of R132H mutation-specific IDH1 antibody binding in brain tumors. | journal=Brain Pathol | year= 2010 | volume= 20 | issue= 1 | pages= 245-54 | pmid=19903171 | doi=10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00352.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19903171  }} </ref>

Revision as of 15:42, 2 May 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]Sujit Routray, M.D. [3]

Overview

Oligodendroglioma arises from the tripotential glial precursor cells and not from the bipotential oligodendrocytes. Genes associated with the pathogenesis of oligodendroglioma include t[1;19][q10;p10], NJDS, IDH1, IDH2, CIC, FUBP1, p53, Leu-7, TCF-12, MGMT, TP73, EGFR, and PTEN. On gross pathology, oligodendroglioma is characterized by a well-circumscribed, gelatinous, calcified, gray mass which may expand a gyrus and remodel the skull. On microscopic histopathological analysis, oligodendroglioma is characterized by diffuse growth pattern of highly cellular lesion with rounded nucleus with atypia and perinuclear halo resembling fried eggs, distinct cell borders, clear cytoplasm, and abundant calcification. Oligodendroglioma is demonstrated by positivity to tumor markers such as MAP2, GFAP, S-100, EMA, IDH1-R132H, ATRX, Ki-67, NSE, Synaptophysin, OLIG1, and OLIG2.

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

Genetics

  • There is a strong association of oligodendroglioma with expression of receptor tyrosine kinases that activate PI3K/AKT, RAS/MAP, and PLC/PKC pathways.[9]

Gross Pathology

  • On gross pathology, oligodendroglioma is characterized by a well-circumscribed, gelatinous, gray mass which may expand a gyrus and remodel the skull.[18]
  • Other characteristic gross pathological features associated with oligodendroglioma include:[18][9]
  • Common intracranial sites associated with oligodendroglioma include:[19]

Gallery

  • Gross specimen of oligodendroglioma demonstrate large, well circumscribed lesion in left frontal lobe.

    Gross specimen of oligodendroglioma demonstrate large, well circumscribed lesion in left frontal lobe.

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis, oligodendroglioma is characterized by:[9][20][21][22]

  • Diffusely growing tumor
  • Highly cellular lesion composed of cells resembling fried eggs with:
    • Round nucleus - key feature
    • Distinct cell borders
    • Moderate-to-marked nuclear atypia with speckled "salt-and-pepper" chromatin pattern
    • Clear cytoplasm
      • Some oligodendrogliomas have eosinophilic cytoplasm with focal perinuclear clearing
    • Acutely branched capillary sized vessels - "chicken-wire" like appearance
      • Abundant and delicate appearing; may vaguely resemble a paraganglioma at low power
  • Calcifications - striking feature
  • Perifocal edema - rare
  • Few tumors may exhibit eosinophilic granular bodies
  • Some tumors may show a spongioblastoma-like growth pattern

On microscopic histopathological analysis, anaplastic oligodendroglioma is characterized by:[20]

Gallery

  • Oligodendroglioma low magnification showing the characteristic small, branching, chicken wire-like blood vessels.H&E stain.[23]

    Oligodendroglioma low magnification showing the characteristic small, branching, chicken wire-like blood vessels.H&E stain.[23]

  • Oligodendroglioma high magnification showing highly cellular lesion composed of cells resembling fried eggs with distinct cell borders moderate-to-marked nuclear atypia, and a clear cytoplasm. Acutely branched capillary sized vessels - "chicken-wire" like appearance.[23]

    Oligodendroglioma high magnification showing highly cellular lesion composed of cells resembling fried eggs with distinct cell borders moderate-to-marked nuclear atypia, and a clear cytoplasm. Acutely branched capillary sized vessels - "chicken-wire" like appearance.[23]

  • Low power magnification of oligodendroglioma biopsy specimen showing discrete infiltration of the surrounding brain (HE stain, x40 mag).[24]

    Low power magnification of oligodendroglioma biopsy specimen showing discrete infiltration of the surrounding brain (HE stain, x40 mag).[24]

  • Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma showing minigemistocytes and mitoses among tumor cells with perinuclear halo. HE stain.[24]

    Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma showing minigemistocytes and mitoses among tumor cells with perinuclear halo. HE stain.[24]

  • Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (MAP2 staining) showing perinuclear immunoreactivity of tumor cells.[24]

    Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (MAP2 staining) showing perinuclear immunoreactivity of tumor cells.[24]

  • Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (IDH1-R132H staining) showing immunoreactivity of tumor cells indicating presence of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-R132H mutation.[24]

    Histopathology of anaplastic oligodendroglioma (IDH1-R132H staining) showing immunoreactivity of tumor cells indicating presence of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1-R132H mutation.[24]

Immunohistochemistry

Oligodendroglioma is demonstrated by positivity to tumor markers such as:[25][26][9]

References

  1. ↑ General features of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma#cite_note-1
  2. ↑ Molecular genetics of oligodendroglioma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma
  3. ↑ Bettegowda C, Agrawal N, Jiao Y, Sausen M, Wood LD, Hruban RH; et al. (2011). "Mutations in CIC and FUBP1 contribute to human oligodendroglioma". Science. 333 (6048): 1453–5. doi:10.1126/science.1210557. PMC 3170506. PMID 21817013.
  4. ↑ Prognosis and treatment of oligodendroglioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma
  5. ↑ Yip S, Butterfield YS, Morozova O, Chittaranjan S, Blough MD, An J; et al. (2012). "Concurrent CIC mutations, IDH mutations, and 1p/19q loss distinguish oligodendrogliomas from other cancers". J Pathol. 226 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1002/path.2995. PMC 3246739. PMID 22072542.
  6. ↑ Labreche K, Simeonova I, Kamoun A, Gleize V, Chubb D, Letouzé E; et al. (2015). "TCF12 is mutated in anaplastic oligodendroglioma". Nat Commun. 6: 7207. doi:10.1038/ncomms8207. PMC 4490400. PMID 26068201.
  7. ↑ Suri V, Jha P, Agarwal S, Pathak P, Sharma MC, Sharma V; et al. (2011). "Molecular profile of oligodendrogliomas in young patients". Neuro Oncol. 13 (10): 1099–106. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nor146. PMC 3177666. PMID 21937591.
  8. ↑ Hagel C, Laking G, Laas R, Scheil S, Jung R, Milde-Langosch K; et al. (1996). "Demonstration of p53 protein and TP53 gene mutations in oligodendrogliomas". Eur J Cancer. 32A (13): 2242–8. PMID 9038605.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 von Deimling, A; Hartmann, C (2005). "Oligodendrogliomas: Impact of molecular genetics on treatment". Neurology India. 53 (2): 140. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.16394. ISSN 0028-3886.
  10. ↑ Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Brat DJ, Verhaak RG, Aldape KD, Yung WK, Salama SR; et al. (2015). "Comprehensive, Integrative Genomic Analysis of Diffuse Lower-Grade Gliomas". N Engl J Med. 372 (26): 2481–98. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1402121. PMC 4530011. PMID 26061751.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H; et al. (2015). "Glioma Groups Based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT Promoter Mutations in Tumors". N Engl J Med. 372 (26): 2499–508. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1407279. PMC 4489704. PMID 26061753.
  12. ↑ McDonald JM, See SJ, Tremont IW, Colman H, Gilbert MR, Groves M; et al. (2005). "The prognostic impact of histology and 1p/19q status in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors". Cancer. 104 (7): 1468–77. doi:10.1002/cncr.21338. PMID 16088966.
  13. ↑ Barbashina V, Salazar P, Holland EC, Rosenblum MK, Ladanyi M (2005). "Allelic losses at 1p36 and 19q13 in gliomas: correlation with histologic classification, definition of a 150-kb minimal deleted region on 1p36, and evaluation of CAMTA1 as a candidate tumor suppressor gene". Clin Cancer Res. 11 (3): 1119–28. PMID 15709179.
  14. ↑ Chen N, Yu T, Gong J, Nie L, Chen X, Zhang M; et al. (2016). "IDH1/2 gene hotspot mutations in central nervous system tumours: analysis of 922 Chinese patients". Pathology. 48 (7): 675–683. doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2016.07.010. PMID 27780605.
  15. ↑ Zhou YX, Wang JX, Feng M, Sun CM, Sun T, Chen GL; et al. (2012). "Analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation in 97 patients with glioma". J Mol Neurosci. 47 (3): 442–7. doi:10.1007/s12031-011-9681-5. PMID 22113362.
  16. ↑ Capper D, Weissert S, Balss J, Habel A, Meyer J, Jäger D; et al. (2010). "Characterization of R132H mutation-specific IDH1 antibody binding in brain tumors". Brain Pathol. 20 (1): 245–54. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00352.x. PMID 19903171.
  17. ↑ Pan Y, Qi XL, Wang LM, Dong RF, Zhang M, Zheng DF; et al. (2013). "[Mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase gene in Chinese patients with glioma]". Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 42 (5): 292–8. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5807.2013.05.002. PMID 24004584.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Gross appearance of oligodendroglioma. Dr Henry Knipe and Dr Frank Gaillard et al. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/oligodendroglioma
  19. ↑ Gross/radiologic findings of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Microscopic features of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  21. ↑ Ersen, Ayca (2008), Pathology of malignant gliomas: Challenges of everyday practice and the WHO 2007, Turkish Journal of Pathology, retrieved 9 October, 2015 Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  22. ↑ Eskandar EN, Loeffler JS, O'Neill AM, Hunter GJ, Louis DN (2004). "Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 33-2004. A 34-year-old man with a seizure and a frontal-lobe brain lesion". N Engl J Med. 351 (18): 1875–82. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc049025. PMID 15509821.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Images of microscopic appearance of oligodendroglioma. Wikipedia 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Images of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology 2015. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  25. ↑ IHC of oligodendroglioma. Libre Pathology. http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/Oligodendroglioma
  26. ↑ Hilbig A, Barbosa-Coutinho LM, Netto GC, Bleil CB, Toscani NV (2006). "[Immunohistochemistry in oligodendrogliomas]". Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 64 (1): 67–71. doi:/S0004-282X2006000100014 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 16622556.


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