Hemolytic-uremic syndrome causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The major cause of HUS in childhood is infection with | The major cause of HUS in childhood is gastrointestinal infection with | ||
verocytotoxin (shiga-like toxin)-producing bacteria, usually | verocytotoxin (shiga-like toxin)-producing bacteria, usually | ||
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (VTEC/STEC),and in | enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (VTEC/STEC),and in | ||
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}}</ref><ref name="Lopes da Silva2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lopes da Silva|first1=Rodrigo|title=Viral-associated thrombotic microangiopathies|journal=Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy|volume=4|issue=2|year=2011|pages=51–59|issn=16583876|doi=10.5144/1658-3876.2011.51}}</ref> | }}</ref><ref name="Lopes da Silva2011">{{cite journal|last1=Lopes da Silva|first1=Rodrigo|title=Viral-associated thrombotic microangiopathies|journal=Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy|volume=4|issue=2|year=2011|pages=51–59|issn=16583876|doi=10.5144/1658-3876.2011.51}}</ref> | ||
*[[E. coli]] (70%)- Shiga-Toxin producing E.Coli | *[[E. coli]] (70%)- Shiga-Toxin producing E.Coli (STEC) | ||
* | **primary source of infection is usually undercooked or raw ground meat products, raw milk, or fecal contamination of vegetables | ||
**other sources include swimming pools or lakes contaminated with feces | |||
**usually cause self-limiting infection but can lead to HUS in some, particularly in young children and elderly | |||
**STEC is heat sensitive and destroyed by thorough cooking and WHO recommended guidelines for safer food should be used to prevent infections with foodborne organisms like STEC. | |||
*Other Shiga-Toxin bacteria like Shigella Dysenteriae type-1. | |||
===Less Common Causes=== | ===Less Common Causes=== | ||
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| pmid = 19190803 | | pmid = 19190803 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
*Genetic [[Mutation|mutations]] of complement genes/ Complement Factor abnormalities | |||
*Infection with Campylobacter Jejuni or Salmonella Typhi | |||
*Pneumococcal infection (commonly pneumonia, empyema, meningitis, and less commonly pericarditis, peritonitis, otitis media and bacteremia | *Pneumococcal infection (commonly pneumonia, empyema, meningitis, and less commonly pericarditis, peritonitis, otitis media and bacteremia | ||
*Pregnancy | *Pregnancy | ||
Revision as of 18:34, 9 August 2018
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Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Microchapters |
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Differentiating Hemolytic-uremic syndrome from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Hemolytic-uremic syndrome causes On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hemolytic-uremic syndrome causes |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Hemolytic-uremic syndrome causes |
- Organ Transplantation
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anila Hussain, MD [2]
Overview
The major cause of HUS in childhood is gastrointestinal infection with verocytotoxin (shiga-like toxin)-producing bacteria, usually enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (VTEC/STEC),and in some tropical regions Shigella dysenteriae type I. Verocytotoxin-producing Citrobacter freundii, has also been reported.8 In America and the UK most cases are associated with E. coli serotype O157:H7,9–12 while other serotypes such as O26, O111, O103, and O145 are increasingly reported in Europe and elsewhere.13–15 The epidemiology has been extensively studied. Patients are usually pre-school children.16–18 VTEC strains produce various toxins, the major ones being verocytotoxin-1 (Stx1) and verocytotoxin-2 (Stx2). Verocytotoxin-1 differs by one amino acid from Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Verocytotoxin-2 has multiple variants that are closely related to each other, but have 55–60% homology to verocytotoxin1. HUS is mostly caused by verocytotoxin-2-producing strains.HUS can occur in the course of systemic diseases or physiopathological conditions such as pregnancy, after transplantation or after drug assumption
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
- Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
- [Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].
Common Causes
Common causes of HUS may include:[1][2][3][4]
- E. coli (70%)- Shiga-Toxin producing E.Coli (STEC)
- primary source of infection is usually undercooked or raw ground meat products, raw milk, or fecal contamination of vegetables
- other sources include swimming pools or lakes contaminated with feces
- usually cause self-limiting infection but can lead to HUS in some, particularly in young children and elderly
- STEC is heat sensitive and destroyed by thorough cooking and WHO recommended guidelines for safer food should be used to prevent infections with foodborne organisms like STEC.
- Other Shiga-Toxin bacteria like Shigella Dysenteriae type-1.
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of HUS include [5][6][7]
- Genetic mutations of complement genes/ Complement Factor abnormalities
- Infection with Campylobacter Jejuni or Salmonella Typhi
- Pneumococcal infection (commonly pneumonia, empyema, meningitis, and less commonly pericarditis, peritonitis, otitis media and bacteremia
- Pregnancy
- Autoimmune disease for example SLE, Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- Drug associated
- Antineoplastic, immunosuppressive and anti platelet
- Organ Transplantation
- Human immunodeficiency viral infection such as HIV/AIDS
Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
- Autoimmune disease
- Drug
- E. coli
- Genetic mutations
- Pregnancy
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
References
- ↑ Shannon E. Majowicz, Elaine Scallan, Andria Jones-Bitton, Jan M. Sargeant, Jackie Stapleton, Frederick J. Angulo, Derrick H. Yeung & Martyn D. Kirk (2014). "Global incidence of human Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections and deaths: a systematic review and knowledge synthesis". Foodborne pathogens and disease. 11 (6): 447–455. doi:10.1089/fpd.2013.1704. PMID 24750096. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Chantal Loirat, Fadi Fakhouri, Gema Ariceta, Nesrin Besbas, Martin Bitzan, Anna Bjerre, Rosanna Coppo, Francesco Emma, Sally Johnson, Diana Karpman, Daniel Landau, Craig B. Langman, Anne-Laure Lapeyraque, Christoph Licht, Carla Nester, Carmine Pecoraro, Magdalena Riedl, Nicole C. A. J. van de Kar, Johan Van de Walle, Marina Vivarelli & Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi (2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Fadi Fakhouri, Julien Zuber, Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi & Chantal Loirat (2017). "Haemolytic uraemic syndrome". Lancet (London, England). 390 (10095): 681–696. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30062-4. PMID 28242109. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Lopes da Silva, Rodrigo (2011). "Viral-associated thrombotic microangiopathies". Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy. 4 (2): 51–59. doi:10.5144/1658-3876.2011.51. ISSN 1658-3876.
- ↑ P. J. Medina, J. M. Sipols & J. N. George (2001). "Drug-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome". Current opinion in hematology. 8 (5): 286–293. PMID 11604563. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Fadi Fakhouri, Lubka Roumenina, Francois Provot, Marion Sallee, Sophie Caillard, Lionel Couzi, Marie Essig, David Ribes, Marie-Agnes Dragon-Durey, Frank Bridoux, Eric Rondeau & Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi (2010). "Pregnancy-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome revisited in the era of complement gene mutations". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 21 (5): 859–867. doi:10.1681/ASN.2009070706. PMID 20203157. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Christine Skerka, Mihaly Jozsi, Peter F. Zipfel, Marie-Agnes Dragon-Durey & Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi (2009). "Autoantibodies in haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)". Thrombosis and haemostasis. 101 (2): 227–232. PMID 19190803. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)